[Applications of genetically modified animals]
- PMID: 20122391
- DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2009037
[Applications of genetically modified animals]
Abstract
The first transgenic animals, mice, were obtained in 1980. The techniques of gene transfer had to be adapted to obtain transgenic animals with an acceptable yield in about fifteen species. When the yield is low (low rate of random integration and targeted integration via homologous recombination), genetic modifications must be achieved in intermediate cells able to participate to the development of chimeric transgenic animals (ES cells, EG cells, iPS obtained by the dedifferentiation of somatic cells) or in somatic cells used as nuclear donor to generate transgenic clones. Various tools make possible a marked increase of homologous recombination efficiency (meganucleases and ZFN), or a gene inactivation at the genome level (direct or conditional knock out) or at the mRNA level (interfering RNAs). Vectors allow a more reliable transgene expression. Genetically modified animals are used mainly to obtain information on biological functions and human diseases. Transgenic animals produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in milk and soon in egg white. Pig organs adapted to be tolerated by patients might be tested in humans in five years. The projects based on the use of transgenesis to improve animal production are presently few. Transgenic salmon with accelerated growth might be on the market when their possible escape in oceans will be controlled.
Similar articles
-
Prospects for transgenesis in the chick.Mech Dev. 2004 Sep;121(9):1179-86. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.05.012. Mech Dev. 2004. PMID: 15296981 Review.
-
Lentiviral vectors: are they the future of animal transgenesis?Physiol Genomics. 2007 Oct 22;31(2):159-73. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.2007. Epub 2007 Aug 7. Physiol Genomics. 2007. PMID: 17684037 Review.
-
Targeted transgenesis at the HPRT locus: an efficient strategy to achieve tightly controlled in vivo conditional expression with the tet system.Physiol Genomics. 2009 Apr 10;37(2):140-6. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90328.2008. Epub 2009 Jan 13. Physiol Genomics. 2009. PMID: 19141541
-
Relations between animal transgenesis and reproduction.Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005 May-Jun;45(3):363-76. doi: 10.1051/rnd:2005027. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005. PMID: 15982461 Review.
-
Animal transgenesis: an overview.Brain Struct Funct. 2010 Mar;214(2-3):91-109. doi: 10.1007/s00429-009-0230-8. Epub 2009 Nov 25. Brain Struct Funct. 2010. PMID: 19937345 Review.
Cited by
-
In vitro development of porcine transgenic nuclear-transferred embryos derived from newborn Guangxi Bama mini-pig kidney fibroblasts.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2014 Oct;50(9):811-21. doi: 10.1007/s11626-014-9776-8. Epub 2014 May 31. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2014. PMID: 24879084