Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives

Abstract

In Italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. Ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dipylidium caninum, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors of pathogens of zoonotic relevance (e.g., Rickettsia felis) in this country. While some arthropod vectors (e.g., ticks and fleas) are present in certain Italian regions throughout the year, others (e.g., phlebotomine sand flies) are most active during the summer season. Accordingly, control strategies, such as those relying on the systematic use of acaricides and insecticides, should be planned on the basis of the ecology of both vectors and pathogens in different geographical areas in order to improve their effectiveness in reducing the risk of infection by vector-borne pathogens. This article reviews the current situation and perspectives of canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy.

Figure 1

Italy. Three main areas with their respective administrative regions.

Figure 2

Distribution of major vector-borne protozoa and of Dirofilaria immitis infecting dogs in Italy. A, Babesia canis. B, Babesia gibsoni. C, Babesia vogeli. D, Hepatoozon canis. E, Leishmania infantum. F, Dirofilaria immitis.

Figure 3

Distribution of major vector-borne bacteria infecting dogs in Italy. A, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. B, Anaplasma platys. C, Borrelia burgdorferi. D, Coxiella burnetii. E, Ehrlichia canis. F, Rickettsia conorii.

Figure 4

Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Several females attached to the ear of a dog from southern Italy.