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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2009 Apr;2(2):88-92.
doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.001.

Decreasing procedural pain over time of left prefrontal rTMS for depression: initial results from the open-label phase of a multi-site trial (OPT-TMS)

Berry S Anderson  1 , Katie Kavanagh, Jeffrey J Borckardt, Ziad H Nahas, Samet Kose, Sarah H Lisanby, William M McDonald, David Avery, Harold A Sackeim, Mark S George
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Decreasing procedural pain over time of left prefrontal rTMS for depression: initial results from the open-label phase of a multi-site trial (OPT-TMS)

Berry S Anderson et al. Brain Stimul. 2009 Apr.

Abstract

Background: There is much interest in whether daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over several weeks may become a clinically useful antidepressant treatment. Although rTMS appears largely safe, many patients report that this procedure is somewhat painful, which may restrict its ultimate appeal and utility. We analyzed interim results from the open-label phase of a multi-site randomized trial of rTMS as a treatment for depression to investigate whether the procedural pain of left prefrontal rTMS changes over time.

Methods: Patients with unipolar depression who had failed to respond during at least three weeks of the sham-controlled double-masked rTMS were then offered three more weeks (15 sessions) of open-label rTMS. Retrospective pain ratings and state emotional factors from 20 subjects were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS) recorded on computers before and after each treatment (289 sessions).

Results: Over the 15 treatment sessions, subjective reports of the painfulness of rTMS decreased 48% from baseline. This reduction, although greatest in the first few days, continued steadily (average 2.11 points per session) over the 3 weeks of treatment. The analysis found a significant effect for rTMS-session (p<0.0001) on rTMS-procedural pain over and above changes in subjective emotional states.

Conclusion: The procedural pain of left, prefrontal rTMS decreases over time, apparently independently of other emotional changes. Since rTMS scalp pain may decline over time, physicians and patients may decide to continue treatment despite initial discomfort. These observational data can be better tested once the data from the blinded phase of the trial becomes available.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: MUSC holds several TMS related patents. Drs. George and Sackeim are advisory board members for Neuronetics, Inc.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overall schematic of Optimization of TMS for the treatment of depression study. All subjects begin in Phase I and continue to Phase II if they do not remit.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The picture shows a model with the TMS coil placed over the site of stimulation with a small packing sheet between the coil and her scalp.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Average VAS ratings of painfulness during the beginning, middle and end of 15 treatment sessions (20 subjects, 289 sessions).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Average VAS ratings of happiness, sadness, nervousness and anxiety of 15 treatment sessions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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