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. 2010 Feb 2:5:1-11.

Nanofunctionalized zirconia and barium sulfate particles as bone cement additives

Riaz Gillani  1 , Batur Ercan, Alex Qiao, Thomas J Webster
Affiliations

Nanofunctionalized zirconia and barium sulfate particles as bone cement additives

Riaz Gillani et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Zirconia (ZrO(2)) and barium sulfate (BaSO(4)) particles were introduced into a methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) solution with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads during polymerization to develop the following novel bone cements: bone cements with unfunctionalized ZrO(2) micron particles, bone cements with unfunctionalized ZrO(2) nanoparticles, bone cements with ZrO(2) nanoparticles functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMS), bone cements with unfunctionalized BaSO(4) micron particles, bone cements with unfunctionalized BaSO(4) nanoparticles, and bone cements with BaSO(4) nanoparticles functionalized with TMS. Results demonstrated that in vitro osteoblast (bone-forming cell) densities were greater on bone cements containing BaSO(4) ceramic particles after four hours compared to control unmodified bone cements. Osteoblast densities were also greater on bone cements containing all of the ceramic particles after 24 hours compared to unmodified bone cements, particularly those bone cements containing nanofunctionalized ceramic particles. Bone cements containing ceramic particles demonstrated significantly altered mechanical properties; specifically, under tensile loading, plain bone cements and bone cements containing unfunctionalized ceramic particles exhibited brittle failure modes whereas bone cements containing nanofunctionalized ceramic particles exhibited plastic failure modes. Finally, all bone cements containing ceramic particles possessed greater radio-opacity than unmodified bone cements. In summary, the results of this study demonstrated a positive impact on the properties of traditional bone cements for orthopedic applications with the addition of unfunctionalized and TMS functionalized ceramic nanoparticles.

Keywords: bone cements; nanotechnology; orthopedic; osteoblasts.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SE M images of bone cements used in cytocompatibility testing [Left: 15K X (scale bar = 1 μm), Right: 50K X (scale bar = 100 nm)]: Plain (A, B), ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2) (C, D), ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles) (E, F), ZNFT (containing functionalized ZrO2 nano-particles) (G, H), BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4) (I, J), BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles) (K, L), and BNFT (containing functionalized BaSO4 nano-particles) (M, N).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Osteoblast cell density, after 4 hours, as a function of bone cement type. Data = mean +/− SEM; N = 3. Plain = Unmodified bone cements; BM = Bone cements with micron particulate BaSO4, BN = Bone cements with unfunctionalized BaSO4 nanoparticles, BNFT = Bone cements with functionalized BaSO4 nanoparticles; ZM = Bone cements with micron particulate ZrO2, ZN = Bone cements with unfunctionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles; ZNFT = Bone cements with functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles. *Compared to plain bone cement; adhesion on bone cements containing the following ceramic particles was found to be greater: micron particulate BaSO4 (p < 0.05), unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles (p < 0.05), and BaSO4 nano-particles functionalized with TMS (p < 0.005).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Osteoblast cell-density, after 24 hours, as a function of bone cement type. Data = mean +/− SEM; N = 3. Plain = Unmodified bone cements, BM = Bone cements with micron particulate BaSO4, BN = Bone cements with unfunctionalized BaSO4 nanoparticles, BNFT = Bone cements with functionalized BaSO4 nanoparticles, ZM = Bone cements with micron particulate ZrO2, ZN = Bone cements with unfunctionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles, ZNFT = Bone cements with functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles. *Compared to plain bone cement, adhesion on bone cements containing all ceramic particles was found to be greater: micron particulate BaSO4 (p < 0.1), unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles (p < 0.005), ZrO2 nano-particles functionalized with TMS (p < 0.005), BaSO4 nano-particles functionalized with TMS (p < 0.001), micron ZrO2 particles (p < 0.001), and unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles (p < 0.001). ΨCompared to bone cements containing micron BaSO4 particles, adhesion was found to be greater on bone cements containing BaSO4 nano-particles functionalized with TMS (p < 0.05). €WRT bone cements containing micron ZrO2 particles, adhesion was found to be greater on bone cements containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles (p < 0.05) and ZrO2 nano-particles functionalized with TMS (p < 0.1).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fluorescence microscopy images (magnification = 10X) of osteoblasts after 4 hours of adhesion on different bone cements: A) Plain, B) ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2), C) ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), D) ZNFT (containing ZrO2 nano-particles functionalized with TMS, E) BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4), F) BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-additives), and G) BNFT (containing BaSO4 nano-additives functionalized with TMS).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Fluorescence microscopy images (magnification = 10X) of osteoblasts after 24 hours of proliferation on different bone cements: A) Plain, B) ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2), C) ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), D) ZNFT (containing ZrO2 nano-particles functionalized with TMS, E) BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4), F) BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-additives), and G) BNFT (containing BaSO4 nano-additives functionalized with TMS).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Representative tensile stress-strain curves for various bone cements. One representative of three trials is shown for each bone cement. Bone cements tested included: Plain, ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2), ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), ZNFT (containing functionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4), BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles), and BNFT (containing functionalized BaSO4 nano-particles). A) All bone cements, B) Bone cements containing ZrO2 particles, and C) Bone cements containing BaSO4 particles.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Representative compressive stress-strain curves for various bone cements. One representative of three trials is shown for each bone cement. Bone cements tested included: Plain, ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2), ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), ZNFT (containing functionalized ZrO2 nano-particles), BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4), BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles), and BNFT (containing functionalized BaSO4 nano-particles). A) All bone cements, B) Bone cements containing ZrO2 particles, and C) Bone cements containing BaSO4 particles.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SE M images of bone cements fractured in tension [Left: 5K X (scale bar = 3 μm), Right: 15K X (scale bar = 1 μm)]: Plain (A, B), ZM (containing micron particulate ZrO2) (C, D), ZN (containing unfunctionalized ZrO2 nano-particles) (E, F), ZNFT (containing functionalized ZrO2 nano-particles) (G, H), BM (containing micron particulate BaSO4) (I, J), BN (containing unfunctionalized BaSO4 nano-particles) (K, L), and BNFT (containing functionalized BaSO4 nano-particles) (M, N).
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