Adult neurogenesis: a potential tool for early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease?

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of cognition and short-term memory loss. The deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) 1-42 into senile plaques is an established feature of AD neuropathology. Controversy still exists about the amyloid pathway as the initiating mechanism or a mere consequence of the events leading to AD. Nevertheless, Abeta toxicity has been probed in vitro and in vivo and increased production or decreased clearance of Abeta peptides are reported to play a major role in the development of AD. Treatment of neural stem cells with Abeta in vitro induces neuronal differentiation. Increased neurogenesis has been also described in AD patients as well as in amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) transgenic mice. Adult neurogenesis is greatly enhanced in young AbetaPP transgenic mice, before other AD-liked pathologies, and reduced in older animals. This increased neurogenesis at young ages might be the first pathology related to AD, which is detectable long before other harmful manifestation of the disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of Abeta-induced neurogenesis will reveal insights into the pathogenesis of AD and may prove useful as an early AD biomarker.