On the genetic architecture of cortical folding and brain volume in primates

Abstract

Understanding the evolutionary forces that produced the human brain is a central problem in neuroscience and human biology. Comparisons across primate species show that both brain volume and gyrification (the degree of folding in the cerebral cortex) have progressively increased during primate evolution and there is a strong positive correlation between these two traits across primate species. The human brain is exceptional among primates in both total volume and gyrification, and therefore understanding the genetic mechanisms influencing variation in these traits will improve our understanding of a landmark feature of our species. Here we show that individual variation in gyrification is significantly heritable in both humans and an Old World monkey (baboons, Papio hamadryas). Furthermore, contrary to expectations based on the positive phenotypic correlation across species, the genetic correlation between cerebral volume and gyrification within both humans and baboons is estimated as negative. These results suggest that the positive relationship between cerebral volume and cortical folding across species cannot be explained by one set of selective pressures or genetic changes. Our data suggest that one set of selective pressures favored the progressive increase in brain volume documented in the primate fossil record, and that a second independent selective process, possibly related to parturition and neonatal brain size, may have favored brains with progressively greater cortical folding. Without a second separate selective pressure, natural selection favoring increased brain volume would be expected to produce less folded, more lissencephalic brains. These results provide initial evidence for the heritability of gyrification, and possibly a new perspective on the evolutionary mechanisms underlying long-term changes in the nonhuman primate and human brain.

Figure 1

Measurements of brain volume and cerebral gyrification index (GI) were calculated for one species of New World monkey: marmoset (Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus); three species of Old World Monkeys: Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), Baboon (Papio hamadryas) and Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); and humans. Across primate species brain volume and GI were highly correlated (r=0.99).

Figure 2

The degree of cerebral gyrification, gyrification index, was calculated as the ratio the surface area of outer cerebral cortex (Scortex) and surface area of the convex hull of the cerebral cortex (Sconvex).

Figure Three

Scatter plots of the relationship between brain volume and gyrification index in (a) humans and (b) baboons.

Figure Three

Scatter plots of the relationship between brain volume and gyrification index in (a) humans and (b) baboons.