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Meta-Analysis
. 2010 Mar 17;2010(3):CD007503.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007503.pub2.

Antidepressants for depression in physically ill people

Lauren Rayner  1 , Annabel Price, Alison Evans, Koravangattu Valsraj, Irene J Higginson, Matthew Hotopf
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antidepressants for depression in physically ill people

Lauren Rayner et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: There is an increased risk of depression in people with a physical illness. Depression is associated with reduced treatment adherence, poor prognosis, increased disability and higher mortality in many physical illnesses. Antidepressants are effective in the treatment of depression in physically healthy populations, but there is less clarity regarding their use in physically ill patients. This review updates Gill's Cochrane review (2000), which found that antidepressants were effective for depression in physical illness. Since Gill there have been a number of larger trials assessing the efficacy of antidepressants in this context.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of depression in patients with a physical illness.

Search strategy: Electronic searches of the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group (CCDAN) trial registers were conducted together with supplementary searches of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the standard bibliographic databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Reference lists of included studies were scanned and trials registers were searched to identify additional unpublished data. Last searches were run in December 2009.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of antidepressants and placebo in the treatment of depression in adults with a physical illness. Depression included diagnoses of Major Depression, Adjustment Disorder and Dysthymia based on standardised criteria.

Data collection and analysis: The primary outcome was efficacy 6-8 weeks after randomisation. Data were also extracted at three additional time-points (4-5 weeks, 9-18 weeks, >18 weeks). Acceptability and tolerability were assessed by comparing the number of drop-outs and adverse events. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for dichotomous data (response to treatment). Standardised mean differences with 95% CI were calculated for continuous data (mean depression score). Data were pooled using a random effects model.

Main results: Fifty-one studies including 3603 participants were included in the review. Forty-four studies including 3372 participants contributed data towards the efficacy analyses. Pooled efficacy data for the primary outcome provided an OR of 2.33, CI 1.80-3.00, p<0.00001 (25 studies, 1674 patients) favouring antidepressants. Antidepressants were also more efficacious than placebo at the other time-points. At 6-8 weeks, fewer patients receiving placebo dropped out compared to patients treated with an antidepressant. Dry mouth and sexual dysfunction were more common in patients treated with an antidepressant.

Authors' conclusions: This review provides evidence that antidepressants are superior to placebo in treating depression in physical illness. However, it is likely that publication and reporting biases exaggerated the effect sizes obtained. Further research is required to determine the comparative efficacy and acceptability of particular antidepressants in this population.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1
1
Study flowchart
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.2 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.1 Response to treatment (4‐5 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.3 Response to treatment (9‐18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.4 Response to treatment (>18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.2 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), outcome: 1.3 Response to treatment (9‐18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
9
9
Forest plot of comparison: 16 Tolerability: number of adverse events, outcome: 16.1 Dry Mouth.
10
10
Forest plot of comparison: 16 Tolerability: number of adverse events, outcome: 16.7 Sexual dysfunction.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 1 Response to treatment (4‐5 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 2 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 3 Response to treatment (9‐18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 4 Response to treatment (>18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 5 Mean depression score (4‐5 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 6 Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 7 Mean depression score (9‐18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Efficacy (primary analysis), Outcome 8 Mean depression score (>18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 1 Response to treatment (4‐5 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 2 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 3 Response to treatment (9‐18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 4 Response to treatment (>18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 5 Mean depression score (4‐5 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 6 Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 7 Mean depression score (9‐18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 8 Mean depression score (>18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 9 Response to treatment (4‐5 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 10 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 11 Response to treatment (9‐18 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 12 Mean depression score (4‐5 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 13 Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 14 Mean depression score (9‐18 weeks). TCA versus placebo.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 15 Response to treatment (4‐5 weeks). Mianserin versus placebo.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 16 Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Mirtazapine/Mianserin versus placebo.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 17 Response to treatment (>18 weeks). Mirtazapine versus placebo.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 18 Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Mirtazapine/Mianserin versus placebo.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Efficacy (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 19 Mean depression score (>18 weeks). Mirtazapine versus placebo.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: excluding outliers), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Excluding outliers. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: excluding outliers), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: Excluding outliers. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: low risk of bias), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Low risk of bias. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: low risk of bias), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: Low risk of bias. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: imputed data), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Imputed data. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: imputed data), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: Imputated data. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: intention‐to‐treat (ITT)), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: ITT. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: intention‐to‐treat (ITT)), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: ITT. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: completer response), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Completer response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: narrow definition of depression), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Narrow definition. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: narrow definition of depression), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: Narrow definition. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: broad definition of depression), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Broad definition. Response to treatment (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: broad definition of depression), Outcome 2 Sensitivity analysis: Broad definition. Mean depression score (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Efficacy (sensitivity analysis: blinding), Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis: Blinding. Response to treatment.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs, Outcome 1 Drop‐outs (4‐5 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs, Outcome 2 Drop‐outs (6‐8 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs, Outcome 3 Drop‐outs (9‐18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs, Outcome 4 Drop‐outs (>18 weeks). Antidepressants versus placebo.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 1 drop‐outs (4‐5 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 2 drop‐outs (6‐8 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 3 drop‐outs (9‐18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 4 drop‐outs (>18 weeks). SSRI versus placebo.
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 5 drop‐outs (4‐5 weeks). Tricyclic versus placebo.
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 6 drop‐outs (6‐8 weeks). Tricyclic versus placebo.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 7 drop‐outs (9‐18 weeks). Tricyclic versus placebo.
12.8
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 8 drop‐outs (4‐5 weeks). Mianserin versus placebo.
12.9
12.9. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acceptability: number of drop‐outs (subanalysis: antidepressant class), Outcome 9 drop‐outs (6‐8 weeks). Mianserin/Mirtazapine versus placebo.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 1 Dry Mouth.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 2 Constipation.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 3 Dizziness.
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 4 Nausea.
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 5 Headache.
13.6
13.6. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 6 Insomnia.
13.7
13.7. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 7 Sexual dysfunction.
13.8
13.8. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 8 Hypotension.
13.9
13.9. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 9 Sedation.
13.10
13.10. Analysis
Comparison 13 Tolerability: number of adverse events, Outcome 10 Appetite change.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 1 Dry Mouth.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 2 Constipation.
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 3 Nausea.
14.4
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 4 Dizziness.
14.5
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 5 Headache.
14.6
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 6 Insomnia.
14.7
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 7 Sexual dysfunction.
14.8
14.8. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 8 Hypotension.
14.9
14.9. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 9 Sedation.
14.10
14.10. Analysis
Comparison 14 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: SSRIs), Outcome 10 Appetite change.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 1 Dry Mouth.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 2 Constipation.
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 3 Nausea.
15.4
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 4 Dizziness.
15.5
15.5. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 5 Headache.
15.6
15.6. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 6 Insomnia.
15.7
15.7. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 7 Sexual dysfunction.
15.8
15.8. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 8 Hypotension.
15.9
15.9. Analysis
Comparison 15 Tolerability: number of adverse events (subanalysis: tricyclics), Outcome 9 Sedation.
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    1. Raffaele R, Rampello L, Vecchio I, Tornali C, Malaguarnera M. Trazodone therapy of the post‐stroke depression. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1996;5:217‐220. - PubMed
Rampello 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rampello L, Alvano A, Chiechio S, Raffaele R, Vecchio I, & Malaguarnera M. An evaluation of efficacy and safety of reboxetine in elderly patients affected by 'retarded' post‐stroke depression: A random, placebo‐controlled study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2005;40(3):275‐85. - PubMed
Razavi 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Razavi D, Allilaire J‐F, Smith M, Salimpour A, Verra M, Desclaux, B, Saltel P, Piollet I, Gauvain‐Piquard A, Trichard C, Cordier B, Fresco R, Guillibert E, Sechter D, Orth J‐P, Bouhassira M, Mesters P, Blin P. The effect of fluoxetine on anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1996;94:205‐210. - PubMed
Rifkin 1985 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rifkin A, Reardon G, Siris S, Karagji B, Kim YS, Hackstaff L, Endicott N. Trimipramine in physical illness with depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1985;46(2 Sec 2):4‐8. - PubMed
Robertson 1985 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robertson MM, Trimble MR. The treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy: a double blind trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 1985;9(2):127‐136. - PubMed
Robertson 1985 (amitript) {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robertson MM, Trimble MR. The treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy:a double‐blind trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 1985;9(2):127‐36. - PubMed
Robertson 1985 (nomifens) {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robertson MM, Trimble MR. The treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy: a double blind trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 1985;9(2):127‐136. - PubMed
Robinson 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C, Kopel T, Kosier JT, Newman RM, Curdue K, Petracca G, & Starkstein SE. Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short‐term recovery after stroke: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157(3):351‐9. - PubMed
Robinson 2000 (fluox) {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C, Kopel T, Kosier JT, Newman RM, Curdue K, Petracca G, & Starkstein SE. Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short‐term recovery after stroke: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157(3):351‐9. - PubMed
Robinson 2000 (nortrip) {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C, Kopel T, Kosier JT, Newman RM, Curdue K, Petracca G, & Starkstein SE. Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short‐term recovery after stroke: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157(3):351‐9. - PubMed
SADHART 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Glassman A, O'Connor C, Califf R, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Thomas Bigger J, Ranga Rama Krishnan K, Zyl L, Robert Swenson J, Finkel M, Landau C, Shapiro P, Pepine C, Mardekian J, Harrison W. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288(6):701‐709. - PubMed
Schiffer 1990 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schiffer RB, Wineman NM. Antidepressant Pharmacotherpay of depression associated with multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147:1493‐1498. - PubMed
SCT‐MD‐24 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. SCT‐MD‐24 2006. A double‐blind flexible‐dose comparison of the safety and efficacy of escitalopram and placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder in diabetic patients. Forest Laboratories clinical trial 2006.
Shi 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shi L, Gang L, Yang Y. Sertraline combined with minocycline for the treatment of chronic prostatitis complicated with depression. Chinese Journal for Health Psychology 2006;20(7):476‐478.
Strik 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, Lousberg AH, Cheriex EC, Tuynman‐Qua HG, Kuijpers PM, Wellens HJ, & Van Praag HM. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with major depression after first myocardial infarction: Findings from a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000;62(6):783‐9. - PubMed
Tan 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tan RSH, Barlow RJ, Abel C, Reddy S, Palmer AJ, Fletcher AE, Nicholl CG, Pitt BMN, Bulpitt CJ. The effect of low dose lofepramine in depressed elderly patients in general medical wards. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;37:321‐324. - PMC - PubMed
Targ 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Targ EF, Karasic DH, Diefenbach PN, Anderson DA, Bystritsky A, & Fawzy F. Structured group therapy and fluoxetine to treat depression in HIV‐positive persons. Psychosomatics 1994;35(2):132‐7. - PubMed
Van Heeringen 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Heeringen K, Zivkov M. Pharmacological treatment of depression in cancer patients A placebo‐controlled study of mianserin. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:440‐3. - PubMed
Weintraub 2009 {published data only}
    1. Weintraub D, Mavandadi S, Horn S, Siderowf A, Duda J, Stern M. Atomoxetine for the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Research abstract: The American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry March 6 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2009.
Weiser 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Weiser R, Hernaandez‐Rojas J, Flores J, Gallando M, Garcia M. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of mirtazapine in the treatment of major depressive disorder due to Parkinson disease. International Society for Affective Disorders, Cancun Mexico, March 5th ‐ 10th. 2004.
Wermuth 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wermuth L, Sorensen PS, Timm S, Christensen B, Utzon NP, Boas J, Dupont E, Hansen E, Magnussen I, Mikkelsen B, Worm‐Petersen J, Lauritzen L, Bayer L, Bech P. Depression in idiopathic Parkinson's disease treated with citalopram. A placebo‐controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift) 1998;52(2):163‐9.
Wiart 1997 {published and unpublished data}
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    1. Xue H. Paroxetine for Depression in Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Chinese Journal for Health Psychology 2004;18(10):735‐737.
Yang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Yang J, Zhao Y, Bai S. Controlled study on antidepressant treatment of patients with post‐stroke depression. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2002;16(Dec):871‐872.
Zisook 1998 {published and unpublished data}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Andersen 1980 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Andersen J, Aabro E, Gulmann N, Hjelmsted A, & Pedersen HE. Anti‐depressive treatment in Parkinson's disease. A controlled trial of the effect of nortriptyline in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L‐DOPA. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1980;62(4):210‐9. - PubMed
Eiser 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Eiser N, Harte R, Karvounis S, Phillips C, & Isaac MT. Effect of treating depression on quality‐of‐life and exercise tolerance in severe COPD. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2005;2(2):233‐41. - PubMed
Fisch 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fisch MJ, Loegrer PJ, Kristeller J, Passik S, Jung S‐H, Shen J, Arquette MA, Brames MJ, Einhorn LH. Fluoxetine versus placebo in advanced cancer outpatients: a double‐blinded trial of the Hoosier Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21:1937‐1943. - PubMed
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    1. Gordon GH, Thiery M, Michiels C, Mahutte K, Light R. Effect of desipramine on control of ventilation and depression scores in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychiatry Research 1985;15:25‐32. - PubMed
Kimura 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kimura M, Robinson RG, & Kosier JT. Treatment of cognitive impairment after poststroke depression : A double‐blind treatment trial. Stroke 2000;31:1482‐6. - PubMed
Lacasse 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lacasse Y, Beaudoin L, Rousseau L, & Maltais F. Randomized trial of paroxetine in end‐stage COPD. Monaldi archives for chest disease 2004;61(3):140‐7. - PubMed
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    1. Lee H, Kim S‐W, Kim J‐M, Shin I‐S, Yang S‐J, Yoon J‐S. Comparing effects of methylphenidate, sertraline and placebo on neuropsychiatric sequelae in patients with traumatic brain injury. Human Psychopharmacology 2005;20:97‐104. - PubMed
Lustman 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rubin EH, Carney RM, McGill JB. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycaemic control in diabetes: results of a double‐blind, placebo controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 1997;59:241‐250. - PubMed
McFarlane 2001 {published and unpublished data}
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Morrow 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morrow G, Hickok J, Roscoe J, Raubertas R, Anderws P, Flynn P, Hynes H, Banerjee T, Kirshner J, King, D. Differential effects of paroxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomised, double‐blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(24):4653‐4641. - PubMed
Paile‐Hyvarinen 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Paile‐Hyvarinen M, Wahlbeck K, Eriksson JG. Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a single‐blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2003;4:7. - PMC - PubMed
Veith 1982 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Veith RC, Raskind MA, Caldwell JH, Barnes RF, Gumbrecht G, Ritchie JL. Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with chronic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306:954‐959. - PubMed
Wise 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wise T, Wiltse C, Iosifescu D, Sheridan M, Xu J, Raskin J. The safety and tolerability of duloxetine in depressed elderly patients with and without medical comorbidities. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007;61(8):1283‐1293. - PMC - PubMed
Wroblewski 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wroblewski BA, Joseph AB, Cornblatt RR. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy and the treatment of depression in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a controlled, prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(12):582‐7. - PubMed
Xu 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Xu J, Wang J, Liu, J. Preventative effects of antidepressants on post‐stroke depression. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2006;20(3):186‐188.

References to ongoing studies

Bombardier 2011 {published data only}
    1. A Controlled Trial of Venlafaxine XR for Major Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: A Multi‐Site Study. Ongoing study July 2007.
Conrad 2009 {published data only}
    1. Escitalopram Treatment of Major Depression in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study. Ongoing study November 2006.
Jiang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Safety and Efficacy of Sertraline for Depression in Patients with CHF (SADHART‐CHF): A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of sertraline for major depression with congestive heart failure.. Ongoing study Starting date of trial not provided. Contact author for more information. - PMC - PubMed
Jin‐Sang Yoon 2011 {published data only}
    1. Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Depressive Patients With Acute Coronary Artery Syndrome: A Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Ongoing study May 2007.
Pirl 2011 {published data only}
    1. Escitalopram in Treating Depression in Patients With Stage IIIB or Stage IV Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ongoing study March 2006.

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