MicroRNAs as a molecular basis for mental retardation, Alzheimer's and prion diseases

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, approximately 21- to 23-nucleotide (nt) non-coding RNA species that act as key regulators of gene expression along a central and well-defined cellular process known as RNA silencing, and involving the recognition and translational control of specific messenger RNA (mRNAs). Generated through the well-orchestrated and sequential processing of miRNA precursor molecules, mature miRNAs are subsequently incorporated into miRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein effector complexes to regulate mRNA translation through the recognition of specific binding sites of imperfect complementarity located mainly in the 3' untranslated region. Predicted to regulate up to 90% of the genes in humans, miRNAs may thus control cellular processes in all cells and tissues of the human body. Likely to play a central role in health and disease, a dysfunctional miRNA-based regulation of gene expression may represent the main etiologic factor underlying diseases affecting major organs, such as the brain. In this review article, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role and function of miRNAs in the regulation of genes involved in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, with a focus on the fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease.

Figure 1. MicroRNAs as a molecular basis for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, such as the fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease

(A) A simplified schematic illustration of the microRNA (miRNA) regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation in human cells. (B) Suboptimal utilization of miRNAs, i.e. miRNA:mRNA assembly and/or disassembly, may be caused by a deregulated expression of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a protein component of the miRNA machinery, and account for some of the molecular defects in patients with the fragile X syndrome. (C) Loss of miRNA control of APP-converting enzyme (BACE1) mRNA may lead to enhanced BACE1 protein expression, with a corresponding increase in β-amyloid (Aβ) formation and deposition, which may favor the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). (D) Deregulated levels of specific miRNAs have been reported in brains affected by prionopathies, which may result in an altered expression of genes involved in cell death, synapse function, and neurogenesis. Ago2, Argonaute 2; hsa, homo sapiens; miRNP, miRNA-containing RNP; mmu, mus musculus.