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Review
. 2010 Jun;186(4):817-831.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03249.x. Epub 2010 Apr 12.

The evolution of seeds

Ada Linkies  1 , Kai Graeber  1 , Charles Knight  2 , Gerhard Leubner-Metzger  1
Affiliations
Free article
Review

The evolution of seeds

Ada Linkies et al. New Phytol. 2010 Jun.
Free article

Abstract

The evolution of the seed represents a remarkable life-history transition for photosynthetic organisms. Here, we review the recent literature and historical understanding of how and why seeds evolved. Answering the 'how' question involves a detailed understanding of the developmental morphology and anatomy of seeds, as well as the genetic programs that determine seed size. We complement this with a special emphasis on the evolution of dormancy, the characteristic of seeds that allows for long 'distance' time travel. Answering the 'why' question involves proposed hypotheses of how natural selection has operated to favor the seed life-history phenomenon. The recent flurry of research describing the comparative biology of seeds is discussed. The review will be divided into sections dealing with: (1) the development and anatomy of seeds; (2) the endosperm; (3) dormancy; (4) early seed-like structures and the transition to seeds; and (5) the evolution of seed size (mass). In many cases, a special distinction is made between angiosperm and gymnosperm seeds. Finally, we make some recommendations for future research in seed biology.

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References

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