Differential alterations of the concentrations of endocannabinoids and related lipids in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese diabetic patients

Abstract

Background: The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, are produced by adipocytes, where they stimulate lipogenesis via cannabinoid CB1 receptors and are under the negative control of leptin and insulin. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in the blood of obese individuals and nonobese type 2 diabetes patients. To date, no study has evaluated endocannabinoid levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of subjects with both obesity and type 2 diabetes (OBT2D), characterised by similar adiposity and whole body insulin resistance and lower plasma leptin levels as compared to non-diabetic obese subjects (OB).

Design and methods: The levels of anandamide and 2-AG, and of the anandamide-related PPARalpha ligands, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in the SAT obtained by abdominal needle biopsy in 10 OBT2D, 11 OB, and 8 non-diabetic normal-weight (NW) subjects, were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All subjects underwent a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp.

Results: As compared to NW, anandamide, OEA and PEA levels in the SAT were 2-4.4-fold elevated (p < 0.05), and 2-AG levels 2.3-fold reduced (p < .05), in OBT2D but not in OB subjects. Anandamide, OEA and PEA correlated positively (p < .05) with SAT leptin mRNA and free fatty acid during hyperinsulinaemic clamp, and negatively with SAT LPL activity and plasma HDL-cholesterol, which were all specifically altered in OBT2D subjects.

Conclusions: The observed alterations emphasize, for the first time in humans, the potential different role and regulation of adipose tissue anandamide (and its congeners) and 2-AG in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Figure 1

Differential alterations of endocannabinoid, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide levels in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of normoweight, obese and type 2 diabetes obese subjects. Endocannabinoid levels (in pmol/g tissue, means ± SE) were measured in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in individuals with obesity and diabetes (N = 10), only obesity (N = 11), and normal weight controls (N = 8). AEA = anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide); 2-AG = 2-arachidonoylglycerol; OEA = oleoylethanolamide; PEA = palmitoylethanolamide. ANOVA and LSD (Kruskal-Wallis for 2-AG) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 vs. Control and Obese.