Leishmania tropica in rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania tropica, has recently emerged in urban and rural foci of central and northern Israel, and constitutes a major public health concern. Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), the suspected natural reservoir, were trapped in the cutaneous leishmaniasis urban focus of Maale Adumim in central Israel and evaluated for L. tropica infection by real-time kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Real-time PCR on blood and computerized western blot serology analysis was positive for L. tropica in 58% and 80%, respectively, of the hyraxes tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region indicated that similar genotypes were present in humans and hyraxes from the same habitat. The high rates of infection and exposure to L. tropica among hyraxes supports their involvement in the transmission cycle of this parasite, and their potential role as a reservoir for human disease.

Figure 1.

ITS1 sequence phylogram of Leishmania tropica strains obtained by the Tree Branching Rearrangement option of the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) software, version 3.65, (http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip.html) performed on the complete database obtained (241 nucleotides). Leishmania major was used as an out-group. The same database created two identical trees using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor Joining algorithms with bootstrap values for both algorithms (after 1000 replicates) indicated on the branches, respectively. GenBank accession numbers of L. tropica from hyraxes submitted from this study are shown in brackets. Numbers on nodes represent similarity. MHOM, human; IARA, Phlebotomus arabicus sand fly; ISER, Ph. sergenti sand fly; MPRO, rock hyrax (Procavia capensis); acc. No.: GenBank accession number.