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. 2010 Oct 6;7 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S503-13.
doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0129.focus. Epub 2010 May 5.

Positively charged bioactive Ti metal prepared by simple chemical and heat treatments

Tadashi Kokubo  1 , Deepak K Pattanayak, Seiji Yamaguchi, Hiroaki Takadama, Tomiharu Matsushita, Toshiyuki Kawai, Mitsuru Takemoto, Shunsuke Fujibayashi, Takashi Nakamura
Affiliations

Positively charged bioactive Ti metal prepared by simple chemical and heat treatments

Tadashi Kokubo et al. J R Soc Interface. .

Abstract

A highly bioactive bone-bonding Ti metal was obtained when Ti metal was simply heat-treated after a common acid treatment. This bone-bonding property was ascribed to the formation of apatite on the Ti metal in a body environment. The formation of apatite on the Ti metal was induced neither by its surface roughness nor by the rutile phase precipitated on its surface, but by its positively charged surface. The surface of the Ti metal was positively charged because acid groups were adsorbed on titanium hydride formed on the Ti metal by the acid treatment, and remained even after the titanium hydride was transformed into titanium oxide by the subsequent heat treatment. These results provide a new principle based on a positively charged surface for obtaining bioactive materials.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
FE-SEM photographs of surfaces of Ti metals as-abraded, and subsequently heat-treated at different temperatures. (a) Before heat treatment, (b) heat-treated at 600°C and (c) heat-treated at 800°C. Scale bars, 1 μm.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
FE-SEM photographs of surfaces and a cross section of Ti metals as acid-treated, and subsequently heat-treated, at various temperatures. (a) Before heat treatment and heat-treated at (b) 400°C, (c) 500°C, (d) 600°C, (e) 700°C, (f) 800°C and (g) a cross section of Ti metal at 600°C.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
TF-XRD patterns of surfaces of Ti metals heat-treated at various temperatures (a) without and (b) after acid treatment. R, rutile; Ti, α titanium; TH, TiHx.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
FE-SEM photographs of surfaces of the Ti metals soaked in SBF for 1 day, after being abraded, and subsequently heat-treated at different temperatures. (a) Before heat treatment, (b) heat-treated at 600°C and (c) heat-treated at 800°C. Scale bars, 2 μm.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
FE-SEM photographs of surfaces and a cross section of Ti metals soaked in SBF for 1 day, after being heat-treated at various temperatures following the acid treatment. (a) Before heat treatment and heat-treated at (b) 400°C, (c) 500°C, (d) 550°C, (e) 600°C, (f) 650°C, (g) 700°C, (h) 800°C and (i) a cross section of Ti metal at 600°C.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
TF-XRD patterns of the surfaces of Ti metals soaked in SBF for 1 day after being heat-treated at various temperatures following acid treatment. Ti, α titanium; R, rutile; open circle, apatite.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
FE-SEM photograph of the surface of Ti metal soaked in SBF for 1 day, after being kept in a humid environment for one week following the acid and heat treatments at 600°C (scale bar, 2 μm).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Zeta potentials of surfaces of Ti metals heat-treated at various temperatures without and after acid treatment.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
(a,b) XPS spectra of the surfaces of Ti metals abraded and (c,d) subsequently heat-treated at 600°C, as a function of soaking time in SBF.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
(a,b) XPS spectra of surfaces of Ti metals acid-treated and (c,d) subsequently heat-treated at 600°C, as a function of soaking time in SBF.
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
(a) Depth profiles of GD-OES spectra of Ti metals acid-treated, (b) subsequently heat-treated at 600°C and (c) kept in a humid environment.
Figure 12.
Figure 12.
Light micrographs of strained sections of acid- and heat-treated Ti metal implanted into a rabbit tibia for four weeks. Scale bars, (a) 1 mm, (b) 100 μm.
Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Process of formation of apatite on positively charged Ti metal in SBF. Apatite is formed by the process shown in (a–d).
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