Impact of marine drugs on cytoskeleton-mediated reproductive events

Abstract

Marine organisms represent an important source of novel bioactive compounds, often showing unique modes of action. Such drugs may be useful tools to study complex processes such as reproduction; which is characterized by many crucial steps that start at gamete maturation and activation and virtually end at the first developmental stages. During these processes cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments and microtubules play a key-role. In this review we describe: (i) the involvement of such structures in both cellular and in vitro processes; (ii) the toxins that target the cytoskeletal elements and dynamics; (iii) the main steps of reproduction and the marine drugs that interfere with these cytoskeleton-mediated processes. We show that marine drugs, acting on microfilaments and microtubules, exert a wide range of impacts on reproductive events including sperm maturation and motility, oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development.

Keywords: marine drugs; microfilaments; microtubules; reproduction; toxins.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of marine drugs binding actin (from Pubchem website): PTX-2 (a); LAT A (b); LAT B (c); SWI (d); MYC (e); JAS (f).

Figure 1

Chemical structures of marine drugs binding actin (from Pubchem website): PTX-2 (a); LAT A (b); LAT B (c); SWI (d); MYC (e); JAS (f).

Figure 2

Chemical structures of marine drugs affecting actin dynamics (from Pubchem website, except PAL from Chemspider website): OA (a); CLA (b); GEO H (c); TEO (d); AZA-1(e); PAL (f); DD (g); PSE (h); STR-26 (i).

Figure 2

Chemical structures of marine drugs affecting actin dynamics (from Pubchem website, except PAL from Chemspider website): OA (a); CLA (b); GEO H (c); TEO (d); AZA-1(e); PAL (f); DD (g); PSE (h); STR-26 (i).

Figure 3

Chemical structure of marine toxins interfering with microtubules: CYN (a); DOL-15(b); MET(c); STY (d).