Characterization of a recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 Reference Standard Material

Abstract

A recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 Reference Standard Material (rAAV2 RSM) has been produced and characterized with the purpose of providing a reference standard for particle titer, vector genome titer, and infectious titer for AAV2 gene transfer vectors. Production and purification of the reference material were carried out by helper virus-free transient transfection and chromatographic purification. The purified bulk material was vialed, confirmed negative for microbial contamination, and then distributed for characterization along with standard assay protocols and assay reagents to 16 laboratories worldwide. Using statistical transformation and modeling of the raw data, mean titers and confidence intervals were determined for capsid particles ({X}, 9.18 x 10¹¹ particles/ml; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.89 x 10¹¹ to 1.05 x 10¹² particles/ml), vector genomes ({X}, 3.28 x 10¹⁰ vector genomes/ml; 95% CI, 2.70 x 10¹⁰ to 4.75 x 10¹⁰ vector genomes/ml), transducing units ({X}, 5.09 x 10⁸ transducing units/ml; 95% CI, 2.00 x 10⁸ to 9.60 x 10⁸ transducing units/ml), and infectious units ({X}, 4.37 x 10⁹ TCID₅₀ IU/ml; 95% CI, 2.06 x 10⁹ to 9.26 x 10⁹ TCID₅₀ IU/ml). Further analysis confirmed the identity of the reference material as AAV2 and the purity relative to nonvector proteins as greater than 94%. One obvious trend in the quantitative data was the degree of variation between institutions for each assay despite the relatively tight correlation of assay results within an institution. This relatively poor degree of interlaboratory precision and accuracy was apparent even though attempts were made to standardize the assays by providing detailed protocols and common reagents. This is the first time that such variation between laboratories has been thoroughly documented and the findings emphasize the need in the field for universal reference standards. The rAAV2 RSM has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and is available to the scientific community to calibrate laboratory-specific internal titer standards. Anticipated uses of the rAAV2 RSM are discussed.

FIG. 1.

Histograms displaying the distributions of (a) particle titer (pt/ml), (b) vector genome titer (VG/ml), (c) transducing titer (GFU/ml), and (d) infectious titer (IU/ml).

FIG. 2.

Quantile–quantile plots displaying sample versus normal quantiles of (a) particles per milliliter, (b) square root of vector genomes per milliliter, (c) square root of transducing units per milliliter, and (d) log₁₀ infectious units per milliliter. Lines pass through the 25th and 75th quantiles.

FIG. 3.

The rAAV2 RSM was run on SDS–polyacrylamide gels under both reducing and native conditions and then stained with (a) SYPRO ruby or (b) silver stain. An in-house rAAV2 standard was run as a positive control and buffer as a negative control. The lanes for each gel are as follows: (1) benchmark ladder (unstained or prestained)—reduced; (2) negative control—reduced; (3) AAV reference material—reduced; (5) positive control—reduced; (6) benchmark ladder (unstained or prestained)—native; (7) negative control—native; (8) AAV reference material—native; (10) positive control—native.