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. 2010 May 26:7:21.
doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-21.

Vernonia cinerea Less. supplementation and strenuous exercise reduce smoking rate: relation to oxidative stress status and beta-endorphin release in active smokers

Donrawee Leelarungrayub  1 , Sainatee Pratanaphon, Prapas Pothongsunun, Thanyaluck Sriboonreung, Araya Yankai, Richard J Bloomer
Affiliations

Vernonia cinerea Less. supplementation and strenuous exercise reduce smoking rate: relation to oxidative stress status and beta-endorphin release in active smokers

Donrawee Leelarungrayub et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. .

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Vernonia cinerea Less. (VC) supplementation and exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers, beta-endorphin release, and the rate of cigarette smoking.

Methods: Volunteer smokers were randomly divided into four groups: group 1: VC supplement; group 2: exercise with VC supplement; group 3: exercise; and group 4: control. VC was prepared by wash and dry techniques and taken orally before smoking, matching the frequency of strenuous exercise (three times weekly). Before and after a two month period, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), blood oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], nitric oxide [NOx], protein hydroperoxide [PrOOH] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), beta-endorphin and smoking rate were measured, and statistically analyzed.

Results: In Group 1, MDA, PrOOH, and NOx significantly decreased, whereas TAC increased (p < 0.05). In Group 2, MDA and PrOOH decreased (p < 0.05), with no other changes noted (p > 0.05). In Group 3, MDA, PrOOH, NOx, TAC, and beta-endorphin levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Group 4 showed no change in oxidative stress variables or beta-endorphine levels (p > 0.05). All groups had lower levels of CO after the intervention. The smoking rate for light cigarette decreased in group 2(62.7%), 1(59.52%), 3 (53.57%) and 4(14.04%), whereas in self-rolled cigarettes it decreased in group 1 (54.47%), 3 (42.30%), 2 (40%) and 4 (9.2%).

Conclusion: Supplementation with Vernonia cinerea Less and exercise provided benefit related to reduced smoking rate, which may be related to oxidaive stress and beta-endorphine levels.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cigarette yields per day of light (right) and self-rolling (left) types between pre- and post-intervention periods in each groups, control, VC, exercise with VC, and exercise. Each point represents the mean of cigarette yield per day. The percentage at post-intervention was compared to the pre-intervention.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The levels of MDA (left) and protein hydroperoxide (PrOOH) (right) between pre- and post-intervention periods in each group, control, VC, exercise with VC, and exercise only. Each point represented the mean and standard deviation and significant level at p < 0.05 (#) and p < 0.01 (##).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The levels of nitrite (left) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (right) between pre- and post-intervention periods in each group, control, VC, exercise with VC, and exercise only. Each point represented the mean and standard deviation and significant level at p < 0.05 (#) and p < 0.01 (##).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The exhale carbon monoxide (CO) between pre- (oblique line) and post-(no line) intervention periods in each group, control, VC, exercise with VC, and exercise only. Each bar represented the mean and standard deviation, and significant level at p < 0.05 (#).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The beta-endorphin levels between pre- (oblique line) and post-(no line) intervention periods in each group, control, VC, exercise with VC, and exercise only. Each bar represented the mean and standard deviation, and significant level at p < 0.05 (#) and p < 0.001 (# #).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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