Fluroxypyr biodegradation in soils by multiple factors

Abstract

Fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl-1-methylheptyl ester) is a widely used herbicide for controlling weeds, fungi, and insects. However, extensive use of the herbicide has led to its high accumulation in ecosystems and contamination to soils and crops. Environmental behaviors and fate of herbicides are dependent on many physiochemical and biological factors. Whether fluroxypyr is significantly affected and how it is degraded under the environmental conditions is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of soil microbe, soil type, dissolved organic matter (DOM), temperature, soil moisture, and surfactant on fluroxypyr degradation in soils. Application of DOM derived from sludge and straw to fluroxypyr-contaminated soils increased degradation of fluroxypyr. Environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, soil microbe and soil type could affect the rate of fluroxypyr dissipation. Also, the microorganism affected the degradation of fluroxypyr. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass revealed that the reaction in soils might include the removal of 1-methylheptyl ester to generate fluroxypyr acid (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridiny). Our results provided initial data that a set of biological and physiochemical factors coordinately regulates the decay of fluroxypyr in soils.