[Occlusal overload--a risk factor in implant based prostheses]

Abstract

The aim of the study was to perform a review of the literature data in regard to the main causes leading to failure of the dental implants and subsequently, of the implant based prostheses. Besides biological risk factors as infection, occlusal overload is considered the main mechanical risk factor being responsible for weakening or fracturing of the fixation screws, fracturing of the prosthesis or even of the implants. Understanding the fundamental differences between the natural dental structures and the implants may lead to a rigorous occlusal control as a key factor to success of implant born prosthesis. Among these, the periodontal ligament is of outmost importance because it allows a physiological-functional adjustment of occlusal stress in the longitudinal axis of the natural teeth and adaptation to the occlusal stress changes. In conclusion, the absence of periodontal ligament may lead to occlusal overload and implant failure due to lack of adjustment of occlusal forces intensity and axial transmission of these forces, as well as the absence of periodontal proprioceptors.