Drug-facilitated crimes: definitions, prevalence, difficulties and recommendations. A review

Abstract

Drug-facilitated crimes are not a new phenomenon but rather an age-old practice. However, reports of drug-facilitated crimes have significantly increased since the mid-1990s. Victims of these crimes or offences report that they were robbed or assaulted while incapacitated by a drug. Most often, these cases have involved strong central nervous system depressant drugs, which have the capability of preventing individuals from consenting to the action of the perpetrator of fighting off their attackers. For all intents and purposes, the drug acts as the offender's weapon, therefore many jurisdictions require analytical proof of its presence, which helps substantiate the alleged victim's claim. This review was undertaken to identify the evolutionary process in the current understanding of allegations of these crimes or offences, so that whoever works in this field may gain a better understanding of the complexities involved in such cases. This review provides several definitions of drug-facilitated crimes, their prevalence in European and English-speaking countries, a list of intoxicating substances, which have so far been incriminated or been suspected to be involved in these crimes or offences, some of the more common difficulties encountered in the investigation, and recommendations to improve detection of the drugs through toxicological analyses.