Quality and Safety in Blood Supply in 2010
- PMID: 20577599
- PMCID: PMC2889628
- DOI: 10.1159/000314497
Quality and Safety in Blood Supply in 2010
Abstract
The past two decades saw tremendous achievements in blood safety, which are due to the commitment of blood establishments and industry, progress in technology such as the improvement of serological and NAT screening tests, and stringent regulatory control. Milestones in the legislation were the inclusion of plasma derivatives in the pharmaceutical legislation of the European Community (EC) in the year 1989 and special laws for the blood sector in EC and in member states, such as the Transfusionsgesetz (Transfusion Law) in Germany. The legal frame has to be supplemented by scientific and technical guidance, which is provided on the European level by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care and by the European Medicines Agency. In the member states, guidelines taking into account the national peculiarities can be elaborated, such as the German hemotherapy guidelines issued by the German Medical Association (Bundesärztekammer) in agreement with the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut. The regulatory control of screening tests, and the introduction of NAT testing lead to a remarkably high degree of safety concerning the most relevant viruses HIV, HBV and HCV. Issues needing further attention are bacterial contamination and transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI). Measures aiming at minimizing risks have to be balanced against their impact on supply. In order to ensure the assured supply with safe blood products, sustained efforts and research are needed as well as a continuous dialogue among blood services, industry, physicians, patients and regulatory authorities.
Die letzten beiden Jahrzehnte sahen enorme Errungenschaften in der Blutsicherheit, die dem Engagement der Blutspendedienste und der Industrie, Fortschritten in der Technologie wie der Weiterentwicklung von serologischen und NAT-Screeningtests und stringenter behördlicher Kontrolle zu verdanken sind. Meilensteine in der Gesetzgebung waren die Aufnahme der Plasmaderivate in die pharmazeutische Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (EG) im Jahr 1989 sowie Spezialgesetze für den Blutsektor in der EG und den Mitgliedstaaten wie das Transfusionsgesetz in Deutschland. Der gesetzliche Rahmen muss durch wissenschaftliche und technische Leitfäden ergänzt werden, die auf europäischer Ebene vom European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care und der European Medicines Agency zur Verfügung gestellt werden. In den Mitgliedstaaten können Leitfäden erarbeitet werden, die die nationalen Gegebenheiten berücksichtigen, wie die Hämotherapierichtlinien, die von der Bundesärztekammer im Einvernehmen mit dem Paul-Ehrlich-lnstitut herausgegeben werden. Die behördliche Kontrolle der Screeningtests und die Einführung der NAT-Testung führten zu einem bemerkenswert hohen Grad der Sicherheit hinsichtlich der relevantesten Viren HIV, HBV und HCV. Probleme, die weiterer Aufmerksamkeit bedürfen, sind bakterielle Kontamination und transfusionsassoziierte akute Lungeninsuffizienz (TRALI). Maßnahmen, die auf die Minimierung von Risiken abzielen, müssen gegen ihre Auswirkungen auf die Versorgung abgewogen werden. Um die sichere Versorgung mit sicheren Blutprodukten zu gewährleisten, sind anhaltende Anstrengungen und Forschung erforderlich ebenso wie ein kontinuierlicher Dialog zwischen Blutspendediensten, Industrie, Ärzten, Patienten und Behörden.
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