Development of a prototype clinical decision support tool for osteoporosis disease management: a qualitative study of focus groups

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide, and represents a significant cost burden. Although guidelines are available for best practice in osteoporosis, evidence indicates that patients are not receiving appropriate diagnostic testing or treatment according to guidelines. The use of clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) may be one solution because they can facilitate knowledge translation by providing high-quality evidence at the point of care. Findings from a systematic review of osteoporosis interventions and consultation with clinical and human factors engineering experts were used to develop a conceptual model of an osteoporosis tool. We conducted a qualitative study of focus groups to better understand physicians' perceptions of CDSSs and to transform the conceptual osteoporosis tool into a functional prototype that can support clinical decision making in osteoporosis disease management at the point of care.

Methods: The conceptual design of the osteoporosis tool was tested in 4 progressive focus groups with family physicians and general internists. An iterative strategy was used to qualitatively explore the experiences of physicians with CDSSs; and to find out what features, functions, and evidence should be included in a working prototype. Focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide using an iterative process where results of the first focus group informed changes to the questions for subsequent focus groups and to the conceptual tool design. Transcripts were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using grounded theory methodology.

Results: Of the 3 broad categories of themes that were identified, major barriers related to the accuracy and feasibility of extracting bone mineral density test results and medications from the risk assessment questionnaire; using an electronic input device such as a Tablet PC in the waiting room; and the importance of including well-balanced information in the patient education component of the osteoporosis tool. Suggestions for modifying the tool included the addition of a percentile graph showing patients' 10-year risk for osteoporosis or fractures, and ensuring that the tool takes no more than 5 minutes to complete.

Conclusions: Focus group data revealed the facilitators and barriers to using the osteoporosis tool at the point of care so that it can be optimized to aid physicians in their clinical decision making.

Figure 1

Selected screen shots of the Risk Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ).

Figure 2

Screen shot of the Best Practice Recommendation Prompt (BestPROMPT) sheet.

Figure 3

Screen shot of the Customized Osteoporosis Education (COPE) sheet.

Figure 4

RAQ question about bone mineral density testing.

Figure 5

RAQ question about alcohol consumption.

Figure 6

RAQ question about medications.

Figure 7

RAQ question about conditions.

Figure 8

Screen shots of the evolution of selected Risk Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ).

Figure 9

Screen shot of the evolution of the Best Practice Recommendation Prompt (BestPROMPT) sheet.

Figure 10

Screen shot of the evolution of the Customized Osteoporosis Education (COPE) sheet).