Extrinsic regulation of satellite cell specification

Abstract

Cellular commitment during vertebrate embryogenesis is controlled by an interplay of intrinsic regulators and morphogenetic signals. These mechanisms recruit a subset of cells in the developing organism to become the ancestors of skeletal muscle. Signals that control progression through the myogenic lineage converge on a battery of hierarchically organized transcription factors which modulate the cells to either remain in a primitive state or allow their commitment and differentiation into skeletal muscle fibers. A small population of cells will retain a largely unspecified state throughout development. Such stem cells, in conjunction with more committed myogenic progenitors, form a heterogeneous population that colonizes adult skeletal muscle as satellite cells. The satellite cell pool is responsible for the remarkable regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. Similar to their counterparts during embryonic development, satellite cells are capable of self-renewal and can give rise to myogenic progeny. Impaired satellite cell homeostasis has been associated with numerous muscular disorders. Due to intense research efforts in the past two decades, the complex biology of muscle stem cells has now revealed some of its secrets and new avenues for the development of therapeutic molecules have emerged. In the present review we focus on the extrinsic mechanisms that control self-renewal, specification and differentiation of satellite cells and their significance for the development of biologic drugs.

Figure 1

The satellite cell niche and regulatory factors. (a) Fluorescence microscopic image of a mitotic satellite cell (metaphase) on a mouse muscle fiber. The satellite cell is labeled by the expression of a yellow fluorescent protein and DNA is stained in blue. (b) Schematic of the different environmental cues influencing a satellite cell in its niche. FGF, fibroblast growth factor, HGF, hepatocyte growth factor, IGF, insulin-like growth factor, MGF, mechano-growth factor, NO, nitric oxide, TGF, transforming growth factor.