Tetanus in Ethiopia: analysis of 55 cases from Addis Ababa

Abstract

Fifty five cases of tetanus in patients over age 11 years from 6 Addis Ababa hospitals over several years are analyzed. No patient had been immunized. Mean age was 30, male:female 39:16, 34 patients were admitted from April through August (P less than .05). Most common causes of wounds were metal objects, thorns, and nails. There was no history of trauma in 8 patients. Mean incubation period was 11.9 days (range 1-90 days), mean invasion period was 38 hours (range less than 1 day-9 days). All cases were generalized tetanus, clinically diagnosed. Laboratory data was not helpful in management. Patients were treated with tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics, and sedatives. 15 patients (27%) died, there was no correlation between treatment and outcome. Deaths correlated with short incubation and invasion periods, and presence of abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, sweating, and fluctuating blood pressure. Only 3 patients received tetanus toxoid prior to discharge. Comparison is made with African and western studies. Tetanus remains a significant problem in Ethiopia, and vaccination is highly recommended.