Continued improved wear with an annealed highly cross-linked polyethylene

Abstract

Background: Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), created by disrupting the molecular structure of polyethylene, then through the application of heat, encourages creation of new cross-links in the process, resulting in a material with improved wear resistance. The impetuses for this new technology were the unsatisfactory wear properties and subsequent osteolysis of noncross-linked polyethylene. A 72% reduction in wear using highly cross-linked polyethylenes (HXLPE) compared with conventional polyethylene at 5 years was described previously. The longest term followup studies on HXLPE range from 2 to 6 years.

Questions/purposes: We therefore addressed the following questions: (1) Does the improvement in wear observed at the earlier followup continue to 7 to 10 years? (2) What is the incidence of osteolysis in this group of patients and in the control group?

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 38 prospectively followed patients who had 42 hips with an annealed HXLPE who were followed a minimum of 7 years (average, 8.6 years; SD=1; range, 7-10.3 years). Wear and osteolysis were compared with those of a control group of 39 patients (40 hips) from a US Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) prospective, randomized study begun in 1996 with conventional polyethylene and followed for a minimum of 6 years (average, 7.5 years; SD=1.1; range, 6-10.2 years). Linear head penetration was measured from AP radiographs at early, 1-year, 5-year, and most recent followups.

Results: At the average followup, annual linear wear was 0.031 mm (SD=0.014) for the HXLPE and 0.141 mm (SD=0.080) for the control group, a 78% reduction. No mechanical failure of the polyethylene was noted in either group. Incidence of osteolysis was 50% in the control group (all lesions confined to proximal Gruen Zones 1 and 7) compared with no cases in the investigational group.

Conclusions: We observed an improvement in wear and no mechanical failures with this annealed material.

Level of evidence: Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Fig. 1

The graph shows Crossfire polyethylene wear rates in 42 patients with a maximum followup of 10.3 years.

Fig. 2

The graph shows polyethylene wear rates for 40 control subjects with a maximum followup of 10.2 years.

Fig. 3

The graph shows a comparison of head penetration rate (mm/year) between patients with the Crossfire and the control subjects.

Fig. 4

The graph shows a comparison of polyethylene thickness and head penetration wear rates for Crossfire inserts for the HXLPE group.

Fig. 5

The graph shows a comparison of polyethylene thickness and head penetration wear rates for the control group.