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. 2010 Nov;105(5):596-602.
doi: 10.1093/bja/aeq254. Epub 2010 Sep 22.

Incidence and risk factors for fatal pulmonary embolism after major trauma: a nested cohort study

K M Ho  1 , M Burrell, S Rao, R Baker
Affiliations

Incidence and risk factors for fatal pulmonary embolism after major trauma: a nested cohort study

K M Ho et al. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Nov.

Abstract

Background: Venous thromboembolism is common after major trauma. Strategies to prevent fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) are widely utilized, but the incidence and risk factors for fatal PE are poorly understood.

Methods: Using linked data from the intensive care unit, trauma registry, Western Australian Death Registry, and post-mortem reports, the incidence and risk factors for fatal PE in a consecutive cohort of major trauma patients, admitted between 1994 and 2002, were assessed. Non-linear relationships between continuous predictors and risk of fatal PE were modelled by logistic regression.

Results: Of the 971 consecutive trauma patients considered in the study, 134 (13.8%) died after their injuries. Fatal PE accounted for 11.9% of all deaths despite unfractionated heparin prophylaxis being used in 44% of these patients. Fatal PE occurred in those who were older (mean age 51- vs 37-yr-old, P=0.01), with more co-morbidities (Charlson's co-morbidity index 1.1 vs 0.2, P=0.01), had a larger BMI (31.8 vs 24.5, P=0.01), and less severe head and systemic injuries when compared with those who died of other causes. Sites of injuries were not significantly related to the risk of fatal PE. Fatal PE occurred much later than deaths from other causes (median 18 vs 2 days, P=0.01), and the estimated attributable mortality of PE was 49% (95% confidence interval 36-62%).

Conclusions: Fatal PE appeared to be a potential preventable cause of late mortality after major trauma. Severity of injuries, co-morbidity, and BMI were important risk factors for fatal PE after major trauma.

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Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Linkage of different data sources to obtain comprehensive information on the study trauma patients.
Fig 2
Fig 2
The timing of fatal pulmonary embolism and other causes of death after major trauma. IQR, inter-quartile range.
Fig 3
Fig 3
Relationship between risk of fatal pulmonary embolism and (a) age, (b) Injury Severity Score, (c) severity of head injury, (d) BMI, and (e) Charlson's co-morbidity index after adjusting for other covariates (dotted lines signify CI).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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