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. 2010 Nov;71(9):1644-52.
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.045. Epub 2010 Sep 15.

Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage

W Thomas Boyce  1 , Pamela K Den Besten, Juliet Stamperdahl, Ling Zhan, Yebin Jiang, Nancy E Adler, John D Featherstone
Affiliations

Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage

W Thomas Boyce et al. Soc Sci Med. 2010 Nov.

Abstract

The studies reported here examines stress-related psychobiological processes that might account for the high, disproportionate rates of dental caries, the most common chronic disease of childhood, among children growing up in low socioeconomic status (SES) families. In two 2004-2006 studies of kindergarten children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area of California (Ns = 94 and 38), we performed detailed dental examinations to count decayed, missing or filled dental surfaces and microtomography to assess the thickness and density of microanatomic dental compartments in exfoliated, deciduous teeth (i.e., the shed, primary dentition). Cross-sectional, multivariate associations were examined between these measures and SES-related risk factors, including household education, financial stressors, basal and reactive salivary cortisol secretion, and the number of oral cariogenic bacteria. We hypothesized that family stressors and stress-related changes in oral biology might explain, fully or in part, the known socioeconomic disparities in dental health. We found that nearly half of the five-year-old children studied had dental caries. Low SES, higher basal salivary cortisol secretion, and larger numbers of cariogenic bacteria were each significantly and independently associated with caries, and higher salivary cortisol reactivity was associated with thinner, softer enamel surfaces in exfoliated teeth. The highest rates of dental pathology were found among children with the combination of elevated salivary cortisol expression and high counts of cariogenic bacteria. The socioeconomic partitioning of childhood dental caries may thus involve social and psychobiological pathways through which lower SES is associated with higher numbers of cariogenic bacteria and higher levels of stress-associated salivary cortisol. This convergence of psychosocial, infectious and stress-related biological processes appears to be implicated in the production of greater cariogenic bacterial growth and in the conferral of an increased physical vulnerability of the developing dentition.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of study participation—Studies 1 and 2 (Ns = 94 and 38)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interaction of Basal Salivary Cortisol Secretion and Cariogenic Bacteria Predicting ∑DMFS— Study 1 (N = 94 children)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Enamel Thickness and Density by Salivary Cortisol Reactivity— Study 2 (N = 38 children)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Interaction of SES and Salivary Cortisol Reactivity Predicting Enamel Thickness— Study 2 (N = 38 children)
Figure 5
Figure 5
Conceptual Model of the Social Partitioning of Childhood Dental Caries
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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