Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Comparative Study
. 2011 Mar;26(3):317-25.
doi: 10.1007/s11606-010-1529-0. Epub 2010 Oct 16.

Does cultural competency training of health professionals improve patient outcomes? A systematic review and proposed algorithm for future research

Désirée A Lie  1 , Elizabeth Lee-Rey, Art Gomez, Sylvia Bereknyei, Clarence H Braddock 3rd
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Does cultural competency training of health professionals improve patient outcomes? A systematic review and proposed algorithm for future research

Désirée A Lie et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Cultural competency training has been proposed as a way to improve patient outcomes. There is a need for evidence showing that these interventions reduce health disparities.

Objective: The objective was to conduct a systematic review addressing the effects of cultural competency training on patient-centered outcomes; assess quality of studies and strength of effect; and propose a framework for future research.

Design: The authors performed electronic searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science databases for original articles published in English between 1990 and 2010, and a bibliographic hand search. Studies that reported cultural competence educational interventions for health professionals and measured impact on patients and/or health care utilization as primary or secondary outcomes were included.

Measurements: Four authors independently rated studies for quality using validated criteria and assessed the training effect on patient outcomes. Due to study heterogeneity, data were not pooled; instead, qualitative synthesis and analysis were conducted.

Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Three involved physicians, two involved mental health professionals and two involved multiple health professionals and students. Two were quasi-randomized, two were cluster randomized, and three were pre/post field studies. Study quality was low to moderate with none of high quality; most studies did not adequately control for potentially confounding variables. Effect size ranged from no effect to moderately beneficial (unable to assess in two studies). Three studies reported positive (beneficial) effects; none demonstrated a negative (harmful) effect.

Conclusion: There is limited research showing a positive relationship between cultural competency training and improved patient outcomes, but there remains a paucity of high quality research. Future work should address challenges limiting quality. We propose an algorithm to guide educators in designing and evaluating curricula, to rigorously demonstrate the impact on patient outcomes and health disparities.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of literature search and selection. *Articles that met criteria from database searches for abstract review. †Includes bibliography search and author contacts. ‡Excluded due to no curricular intervention or no outcomes measured.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Suggested algorithm for educational studies on patient outcomes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, editors. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2002. pp. 552–593. - PubMed
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2010: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, D.C.; 2000.
    1. Williams DR, Jackson PB. Social sources of racial disparities in health. Health Aff (Millwood) 2005;24(2):325–334. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Brach C, Fraser I. Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? A review and conceptual model. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(Suppl):181–217. doi: 10.1177/1077558700574009. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith WR, Betancourt JR, Wynia MK, Bussey-Jones J, Stone VE, Phillips CO, et al. Recommendations for teaching about racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:654–665. - PubMed

Publication types