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. 2010 Oct 19;153(8):516-22.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00008.

High incidence of hospital admissions with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among South African health care workers

Max R O'Donnell  1 , Julie Jarand, Marian Loveday, Nesri Padayatchi, Jennifer Zelnick, Lise Werner, Kasavan Naidoo, Iqbal Master, Garth Osburn, Charlotte Kvasnovsky, Karen Shean, Madhukar Pai, Martie Van der Walt, Charles R Horsburgh, Keertan Dheda
Affiliations

High incidence of hospital admissions with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among South African health care workers

Max R O'Donnell et al. Ann Intern Med. .

Abstract

Background: Nosocomial transmission has been described in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and HIV co-infected patients in South Africa. However, little is known about the rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis among health care workers in countries with high tuberculosis and HIV burden.

Objective: To estimate rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB hospitalizations among health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Design: Retrospective study of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis who were admitted from 2003 to 2008 for the initiation of drug-resistant tuberculosis therapy.

Setting: A public tuberculosis referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Participants: 231 health care workers and 4151 non-health care workers admitted for initiation of MDR-TB or XDR-TB treatment.

Measurements: Hospital admission rates and hospital admission incidence rate ratios.

Results: Estimated incidence of MDR-TB hospitalization was 64.8 per 100,000 health care workers versus 11.9 per 100,000 non-health care workers (incidence rate ratio, 5.46 [95% CI, 4.75 to 6.28]). Estimated incidence of XDR-TB hospitalizations was 7.2 per 100,000 health care workers versus 1.1 per 100,000 non-health care workers (incidence rate ratio, 6.69 [CI, 4.38 to 10.20]). A higher percentage of health care workers than non-health care workers with MDR-TB or XDR-TB were women (78% vs. 47%; P < 0.001), and health care workers were less likely to report previous tuberculosis treatment (41% vs. 92%; P < 0.001). HIV infection did not differ between health care workers and non-health care workers (55% vs. 57%); however, among HIV-infected patients, a higher percentage of health care workers were receiving antiretroviral medications (63% vs. 47%; P < 0.001).

Limitation: The study had an observational retrospective design, is subject to referral bias, and had no information on type of health care work or duration of occupational exposure to tuberculosis.

Conclusion: Health care workers in this HIV-endemic area were substantially more likely to be hospitalized with either MDR-TB or XDR-TB than were non-health care workers. The increased risk may be explained by occupational exposure, underlining the urgent need for tuberculosis infection-control programs.

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Figure 1
Study flow diagram
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References

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