Increased dependence of humans on ecosystem services and biodiversity

Abstract

Humans have altered ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than ever, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for resources along with economic development. These demands have been considered important drivers of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. Are humans becoming less dependent on ecosystem services and biodiversity following economic development? Here, we used roundwood production, hydroelectricity generation and tourism investment in 92 biodiversity hotspot and 60 non-hotspot countries as cases to seek the answer. In 1980-2005, annual growth rates of roundwood production, hydroelectricity generation and tourism investment were higher in hotspot countries (5.2, 9.1 and 7.5%) than in non-hotspot countries (3.4, 5.9 and 5.6%), when GDP grew more rapidly in hotspot countries than non-hotspot countries. Annual growth rates of per capita hydropower and per capita tourism investment were higher in hotspot countries (5.3% and 6.1%) than in non-hotspot countries (3.5% and 4.3%); however, the annual growth rate of per capita roundwood production in hotspot countries (1%) was lower than in non-hotspot countries (1.4%). The dependence of humans on cultural services has increased more rapidly than on regulating services, while the dependence on provisioning services has reduced. This pattern is projected to continue during 2005-2020. Our preliminary results show that economic growth has actually made humans more dependent upon ecosystem services and biodiversity. As a consequence, the policies and implementations of both economic development and ecosystems/biodiversity conservation should be formulated and carried out in the context of the increased dependence of humans on ecosystem services along with economic development.

Figure 1. Dynamics of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in the world between 1980 and 2005.

Figure 2. Dynamics of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in 92 hotspot (HC) and 60 non-hotspot countries (NHC).

a. Annual growth rates of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in HC and NHC during 1980–2005. b. Projected annual growth rates of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in HC and NHC during 2005–2020.

Figure 3. Dynamics of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in 81 developing hotspot (HC-DC) and 11 industrialized hotspot countries (HC-IC).

a. Annual growth rates of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in HC-DC and HC-IC during 1980–2005. b. Projected annual growth rates of roundwood production, hydropower, tourism investment and GDP in HC-DC and HC-IC during 2005–2020.