The rule of five for non-oral routes of drug delivery: ophthalmic, inhalation and transdermal

Abstract

The Rule of Five predicts suitability of drug candidates, but was developed primarily using orally administered drugs. Here, we test whether the Rule of Five predicts drugs for delivery via non-oral routes, specifically ophthalmic, inhalation and transdermal. We assessed 111 drugs approved by FDA for those routes of administration and found that >98% of current non-oral drugs have physicochemical properties within the limits of the Rule of Five. However, given the inherent bias in the dataset, this analysis was not able to assess whether drugs with properties outside those limits are poor candidates. Indeed, further analysis indicates that drugs well outside the Rule of Five limits, including hydrophilic macromolecules, can be delivered by inhalation. In contrast, drugs currently administered across skin fall within more stringent limits than predicted by the Rule of Five, but new transdermal delivery technologies may make these constraints obsolete by dramatically increasing skin permeability. The Rule of Five does appear to apply well to ophthalmic delivery. We conclude that although current non-oral drugs mostly have physicochemical properties within the Rule of Five thresholds, the Rule of Five should not be used to predict non-oral drug candidates, especially for inhalation and transdermal routes.

Fig. 1

Distributions of physicochemical parameters among FDA-approved non-oral drugs administered via ophthalmic (A), inhalation (B) and transdermal (C) routes. For each route, the following physicochemical parameters are evaluated: molecular weight (1), number of H-bond donors (2), number of H-bond acceptors (3) and octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) (4). The dashed line indicates the threshold for Lipinski's Rule of Five.