Outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A (H3N2) on cruise ship

Abstract

To determine the extent and pattern of influenza transmission and effectiveness of containment measures, we investigated dual outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and influenza A (H3N2) that had occurred on a cruise ship in May 2009. Of 1,970 passengers and 734 crew members, 82 (3.0%) were infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, 98 (3.6%) with influenza A (H3N2) virus, and 2 (0.1%) with both. Among 45 children who visited the ship's childcare center, infection rate for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was higher than that for influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Disembarked passengers reported a high level of compliance with isolation and quarantine recommendations. We found 4 subsequent cases epidemiologically linked to passengers but no evidence of sustained transmission to the community or passengers on the next cruise. Among this population of generally healthy passengers, children seemed more susceptible to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 than to influenza (H3N2) viruses. Intensive disease control measures successfully contained these outbreaks.

Figure

Date of onset of first symptoms for cruise ship passengers, by influenza subtype. Excludes 1 influenza A (H3N2) case-patient for whom onset date was unavailable and 1 pandemic (H1N1) 2009 case-patient and 2 influenza A (H3N2) case-patients who were asymptomatic but whose laboratory test results were positive.