Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of thermopsin, a thermostable acid protease from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Abstract

A thermostable, acid proteolytic activity has been found to be associated with the cells and in the culture medium of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, an archaebacterium. This acid protease, which has been named thermopsin, was purified to homogeneity from the culture medium by a five-step procedure including column chromatographies on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, Sephadex G-100, monoQ (fast protein liquid chromatography), and gel filtration (high pressure liquid chromatography). The purified thermopsin produced a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the proteolytic activity was associated with the band. Thermopsin is a single-chain protein as indicated by gel electrophoresis and by a single NH2-terminal sequence. It has maximal proteolytic activity at pH 2 and 90 degrees C. A genomic library of S. acidocaldarius was prepared and screened by an oligonucleotide probe designed from the NH2-terminal sequence of thermopsin. Five positive clones were isolated. From these clones the thermopsin gene was mapped and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence showed that the thermopsin structure is encoded in 1020 bases. In the deduced protein sequence, there are 41 amino acid residues (including the initiation Met) preceding the NH2-terminal position of thermopsin. Most of these residues appear to be characteristic of a leader sequence. However, the presence in this region of a short pro sequence cannot be ruled out. Thermopsin contains a single cysteine at residue 237 that is not essential for activity (Fusek, M., Lin, X.-L., Tang, J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1496-1501. Thermopsin has no apparent sequence similarity to aspartic proteases of the pepsin family nor to pepstatin-insensitive acid protease (Maita, T., Nagata, S., Matsuda, G., Murata, S., Oda, K., Murao, S., and Tsura, D. (1984) J. Biochem. 95, 465-475) and thus may represent a new class of acid proteases. Also absent is the characteristic active site aspartyl sequence of aspartic proteases. There are 11 potential N-glycosylation sites on each thermopsin molecule. The molecular weight estimated from gel filtration (45,000) is larger than that calculated from the sequence (32,651), suggesting that thermopsin is the sequence (32,651), suggesting that thermopsin is glycosylated at at least some of these 11 sites.