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Review
. 2011 Jan;155(1):36-42.
doi: 10.1104/pp.110.168559. Epub 2010 Nov 11.

Increasing photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants to improve crop yield: current and future strategies

Christine A Raines  1
Affiliations
Review

Increasing photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants to improve crop yield: current and future strategies

Christine A Raines. Plant Physiol. 2011 Jan.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The C3 cycle. The carboxylation reaction catalyzed by Rubisco fixes CO2 into the acceptor molecule RuBP, forming 3-PGA. The reductive phase of the cycle follows with two reactions catalyzed by 3-PGA kinase (PGK) and GAPDH, producing G-3-P. The G-3-P enters the regenerative phase catalyzed by aldolase (Ald) and either FBPase or SBPase, producing Fru-6-P (F-6-P) and sedoheptulose-7-P (S-7-P). Fru-6-P and sedoheptulose-7-P are then utilized in reactions catalyzed by TK, R-5-P isomerase (RPI), and ribulose-5-P (Ru-5-P) epimerase (RPE), producing Ru-5-P. The final step converts Ru-5-P to RuBP, catalyzed by PRK. The oxygenation reaction of Rubisco fixes O2 into the acceptor molecule RuBP, forming PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), and the process of photorespiration (shown in red) releases CO2 and PGA. The five export points from the pathway are shown with blue arrows.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Rubisco-independent carbon assimilation. C4-glyoxalate (MOG) cycle—a model-developed hypothetical carbon fixation pathway. This pathway uses the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) to fix atmospheric CO2 into oxaloacetate and the only output product of this cycle is glyoxalate. PPDK, Pyruvate phosphate dikinase; MDH, malate dehydrogenase. The arrows in blue are speculative routes for carbon that may be need to be engineered to maintain the MOG cycle in addition to linking with a partial C3 cycle to provide the intermediates for biosynthesis of isoprenoids (G-3-P), shikimate (E-4-P), Suc (G-3-P), starch (Fru-6-P), and nucleotides (R-5-P). Adapted from Bar-Even et al. (2010).
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References

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