Ocular immune privilege in the year 2010: ocular immune privilege and uveitis

Abstract

The phrase "immune privilege" was coined by Peter Medawar to describe the absence of an immune response to allografts placed into the anterior chamber of the eye or brain. We now understand that immune privilege is more than a passive microenvironment with a distinctive anatomical structure that holds back immunity. The ocular microenvironment actively engages the immune system with immunosuppressive biochemical mechanisms. The unique characteristics of ocular immune privilege appear designed to protect the eye from damage while preserving foveal vision, thus providing the host with a definite survival advantage. However, the protection is not always sufficient and the eye becomes susceptible to uveitis. Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disorder that encompasses a wide range of underlying etiologies. It may be idiopathic or associated with systemic disease or infection. Understanding the biochemistry of immune privilege has the potential to identify its weaknesses that allow for immunity to break through.