Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in older, community-dwelling women

Abstract

A high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables has been shown to be protective for health. Neighborhood socioeconomic differences may influence the consumption of carotenoid-rich foods, as indicated by serum carotenoid concentrations. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and serum carotenoid concentrations in a population-based sample of community-dwelling women, aged 70-79 y, who participated in the Women's Health and Aging Study II in Baltimore, Maryland. Neighborhood socioeconomic Z-scores were derived from characteristics of the census block of the participants. Serum carotenoid concentrations were measured at baseline and at 18, 36, 72, 98, and 108 mo follow-up visits. Neighborhood Z-scores were positively associated with serum α-carotene (P = 0.0006), β-carotene (P = 0.07), β-cryptoxanthin (P = 0.03), and lutein+zeaxanthin (P = 0.004) after adjusting for age, race, BMI, smoking, inflammation, and season. There was no significant association between neighborhood Z-score and serum lycopene. Older, community-dwelling women from neighborhoods with lower SES have lower serum carotenoid concentrations, which reflect a lower consumption of carotenoid-rich fresh fruits and vegetables.

FIGURE 1

Serum carotenoid concentrations by tertile of neighborhood SES Z score (A) or household income (B) in older, community-dwelling women. Values are geometric means, adjusted for age, race, BMI, current smoking, baseline serum IL-6, season for each study visit, and time of study visit. (A) P-values for linear trends across tertiles: α-carotene (0.0007), β-cryptoxanthin (0.04), lutein+zeaxanthin (0.008), β-carotene (0.02), and lycopene (0.46). (B) P-values for linear trend across tertiles: α-carotene (0.74), β-cryptoxanthin (0.22), lutein+zeaxanthin (0.24), β-carotene (0.88), and lycopene (0.11).