The extracellular matrix in digestive cancer

Abstract

The extracellular components of the cancer microenvironment play a critical role in tumor initiation, progression and invasion. In this review we examine the normal formation and function of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. We characterize the interactions between the matrix and the epithelium and explore the causes and consequences of the extracellular remodeling that accompanies carcinogenesis. Finally, we address the therapeutic possibilities of incorporating matrix as well as epithelial strategies in the management of digestive cancer.

Keywords: Bone-marrow derived cells; Cancer; Cancer stroma; Digestive system neoplasms; Extracellular matrix; Gastrointestinal cancer; Neoplasms.

Fig. 1

Biopsy from the normal human rectum revealing normal crypts and lamina propria (LP, labeled). The BM is immediately beneath the rectal epithelium, with a schematic representation of its organization and chief components

Fig. 2

Integration of the major signaling pathways regulated by integrin and growth factor receptors that promote cell cycle progression [31]

Fig. 3

a Schematic and b histological images of a 3D organotypic model examining the contribution of cancer-associated fibroblasts to gastric carcinogenesis