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Clinical Trial
. 2011 Dec;51(12):1665-73.
doi: 10.1177/0091270010388650. Epub 2011 Jan 13.

Sex differences in lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics among HIV-infected women and men

Obi C Umeh  1 , Judith S Currier, Jeong-Gun Park, Yoninah Cramer, Ashwaq E Hermes, Courtney V Fletcher
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Sex differences in lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics among HIV-infected women and men

Obi C Umeh et al. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Dec.

Abstract

The authors compared the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) between women and men. This 2-step, multicenter, pharmacokinetic study enrolled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults on lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) capsules (400/100 mg bid) plus 1 or more nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. All participants underwent 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling. The pharmacokinetic sampling was repeated in participants receiving the LPV/r tablet formulation. Step 1 enrolled 37 women and 40 men; step 2 included 42 participants from step 1 plus 35 new participants (39 women and 38 men). LPV pharmacokinetics in women and men were not significantly different with either formulation. Women had significantly higher median RTV AUC(0-12 h) with both the soft-gel capsule (SGC) and tablet formulations (SGC: 5395 vs 4119 ng·h/mL, P = .026; tablet: 5310 vs 3941 ng·h/mL, P = .012), higher median C(max) (SGC: 802 vs 635 ng/mL, P = .032; tablet: 773 vs 570 ng/mL, P = .006), and lower median CL/F (SGC: 18.54 vs 24.31 L/h, P = .026; tablet: 18.83 vs 25.37 L/h, P = .012). RTV CL/F was slower in women after weight adjustment with both formulations. The pharmacokinetics of LPV in the SGC and tablet formulations are comparable in HIV-infected patients. Women had higher RTV AUC(0-12 h) and lower CL/F with both formulations. The mechanism of the sex difference in RTV CL/F warrants elucidation.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Median Trajectory Plots of LPV and RTV concentrations over 12 hours.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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