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Multicenter Study
. 2011 Feb;13(2):117-25.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00255.x. Epub 2010 Dec 22.

Population-based study to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of gallbladder diseases in the rural Gangetic basin of North India

Sayeed Unisa  1 , Palepu Jagannath, Vinay Dhir, Chiranjeeva Khandelwal, Lalatendu Sarangi, Tarun Kumar Roy
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Population-based study to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of gallbladder diseases in the rural Gangetic basin of North India

Sayeed Unisa et al. HPB (Oxford). 2011 Feb.

Abstract

Background: A high prevalence of gallbladder diseases (GBD) in Northern India warranted a population survey into environmental risk factors.

Methods: In 60 villages of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar from 13 334 households, 22 861 persons aged >30 years were interviewed for symptoms of GBD, diet and environmental factors. Subsequently ultrasonography (US) was performed in 5100 and 1448 people with and without symptoms, respectively. Heavy metal and pesticide content in soil and water were estimated.

Results: US revealed a prevalence of GBD of 6.20%. GBD was more common in 5100 persons with symptoms (7.12%) compared with 1448 without (2.99%) (P < 0.05). Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) [95% confidence interval (CI)] revealed a significantly increased risk of GBD in females >50, 1.703 (CI 1.292-2.245); multiparity 1.862 (CI 1.306-2.655) and a genetic history 1.564 (CI 1.049-2.334). An increased risk noted in males with diabetes was 4.271 (CI 2.130-8.566), chickpea consumption 2.546 (CI 1.563-4.146) and drinking unsafe water 3.835 (CI 2.368-6.209). Prevalence of gallstones was 4.15%; more in females 5.59% than males 1.99% (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis identified a positive correlation of nickel, cadmium and chromium in water with a high prevalence of GBD in adjacent villages in Vaishali district, Bihar.

Conclusion: A high risk of GBD was observed in older, multiparous women and men with diabetes, intake of chickpeas, unsafe water and villages with heavy metal water pollution.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of India showing the States of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar indicating the districts of Varanasi, Patna and Vaishali surveyed
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of Vaishali District showing villages with high prevalence of GBD in Cluster I (red) and low prevalence in Cluster II (green)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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