Severe insomnia is associated with more severe presentation and greater functional deficits in depression

Abstract

Depression is among the most common reasons for seeking psychiatric treatment, and insomnia symptoms are common in the clinical picture of depression. The present study examines the clinical presentation and psychosocial functioning among depressed outpatients with severe symptoms of insomnia in comparison to depressed outpatients without severe insomnia symptoms. The present sample included 2900 treatment-seeking individuals, with 1057 patients having a principal diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). All patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID), Schedule for Affective Disorders (SADS), and self-report measures of mood and psychosocial functioning. SADS Insomnia ratings were used to determine the presence of severe insomnia symptoms. Clinical, demographic, and psychosocial variables were obtained from the SCID and self-report measures. Among the patients with MDD, 24.7% endorsed severe insomnia symptoms. These individuals were older at time of presentation, were less likely to be married, had a lower education level, had a longer duration of the current depressive episode, were rated as more severe on the CGI, had poorer current functioning via GAF, and had higher HAM-D 21 scores. After controlling for severity, MDD patients with severe insomnia symptoms had poorer social functioning over the past 5 years, though this did not reach the significance level of p < .01, and significantly lower scores on 3 of the 8 SF-36 subscales (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that severe insomnia symptoms are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning and a more severe clinical presentation in patients with MDD. This argues for addressing severe insomnia symptoms among depressed patients, either via behavioral treatment or pharmacologic treatment options.