Prenatal fatty acid status and child adiposity at age 3 y: results from a US pregnancy cohort

Abstract

Background: Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in early life may influence adiposity development.

Objective: We examined the extent to which prenatal n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6) PUFA concentrations were associated with childhood adiposity.

Design: In mother-child pairs in the Project Viva cohort, we assessed midpregnancy fatty acid intakes (n = 1120), maternal plasma PUFA concentrations (n = 227), and umbilical cord plasma PUFA concentrations (n = 302). We performed multivariable regression analyses to examine independent associations of n-3 PUFAs, including docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA + EPA), n-6 PUFAs, and the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFAs, with child adiposity at age 3 y measured by the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses (SS + TR) and risk of obesity (body mass index ≥95th percentile for age and sex).

Results: Mean (±SD) DHA + EPA intake was 0.15 ± 0.14 g DHA + EPA/d, maternal plasma concentration was 1.9 ± 0.6%, and umbilical plasma concentration was 4.6 ± 1.2%. In children, SS + TR was 16.7 ± 4.3 mm, and 9.4% of children were obese. In the adjusted analysis, there was an association between each SD increase in DHA + EPA and lower child SS + TR [-0.31 mm (95% CI: -0.58, -0.04 mm) for maternal diet and -0.91 mm (95% CI: -1.63, -0.20 mm) for cord plasma] and lower odds of obesity [odds ratio (95% CI): 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) for maternal diet and 0.09 (0.02, 0.52) for cord plasma]. Maternal plasma DHA + EPA concentration was not significantly associated with child adiposity. A higher ratio of cord plasma n-6:n-3 PUFAs was associated with higher SS + TR and odds of obesity.

Conclusion: An enhanced maternal-fetal n-3 PUFA status was associated with lower childhood adiposity.

FIGURE 1

Associations of pre- and perinatal docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA+EPA) status and of n−6:n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio with child age 3 y subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (SS+TR) and odds of obesity. Effect estimates represent β coefficients (for linear regression) or odds ratios (for logistic regression) and 95% CIs per SD increase of energy-adjusted DHA+EPA or n−6:n−3 ratio adjusted for maternal race-ethnicity, smoking, parity, adequacy of gestational weight gain, prepregnancy BMI, height, education, age, and marital status and child length of gestation, sex, breastfeeding duration, and age at 3-y assessment.