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. 2006 Mar;23(1):47-63.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-939841.

Epidemiology of primary and secondary liver cancers

Ashwin Ananthakrishnan  1 , Veena Gogineni, Kia Saeian
Affiliations

Epidemiology of primary and secondary liver cancers

Ashwin Ananthakrishnan et al. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2006 Mar.

Abstract

Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a wide geographic distribution. The incidence of primary liver cancer is increasing and there is still a higher prevalence in developing countries. Early recognition remains an obstacle and lack of it results in poor outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent primary liver cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma. The most common risk factors associated with HCC are hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C infections, alcohol use, smoking, and aflatoxin exposure. Emerging risk factors such as obesity might play an important role in the future because of the increasing prevalence of this condition.

Keywords: Primary liver cancer; cholangiocarcinoma; chronic hepatitis B; chronic hepatitis C; hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Incidence of primary liver cancer in the United States by race during 1992 to 2002. (Based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program.10)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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