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. 2011 Feb;82(2):026109.
doi: 10.1063/1.3541791.

Note: The intermodulation lockin analyzer

Erik A Tholén  1 , Daniel Platz, Daniel Forchheimer, Vivien Schuler, Mats O Tholén, Carsten Hutter, David B Haviland
Affiliations

Note: The intermodulation lockin analyzer

Erik A Tholén et al. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Feb.

Abstract

Nonlinear systems can be probed by driving them with two or more pure tones while measuring the intermodulation products of the drive tones in the response. We describe a digital lockin analyzer which is designed explicitly for this purpose. The analyzer is implemented on a field-programmable gate array, providing speed in analysis, real-time feedback, and stability in operation. The use of the analyzer is demonstrated for intermodulation atomic force microscopy. A generalization of the intermodulation spectral technique to arbitrary drive waveforms is discussed.

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