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Meta-Analysis
. 2011 Mar 16;2011(3):CD008603.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2.

Oral vaccines for preventing cholera

David Sinclair  1 , Katharine Abba, K Zaman, Firdausi Qadri, Patricia M Graves
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Oral vaccines for preventing cholera

David Sinclair et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Editorial note: This review is superseded by the published Cochrane Review, Saif‐Ur‐Rahman 2024 [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014573], which considers only the oral killed vaccines because the live oral vaccines do not have World Health Organization (WHO) prequalification. Saif‐Ur‐Rahman 2024 also considered only currently available WHO pre‐qualified oral killed cholera vaccines (Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus).

Background: Cholera is a cause of acute watery diarrhoea which can cause dehydration and death if not adequately treated. It usually occurs in epidemics, and is associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Effective, cheap, and easy to administer vaccines could help prevent epidemics.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of oral cholera vaccines in preventing cases of cholera and deaths from cholera.

Search strategy: In October 2010, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; LILACS; the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT), and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) for relevant published and ongoing trials.

Selection criteria: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of oral cholera vaccines in healthy adults and children.

Data collection and analysis: Each trial was assessed for eligibility and risk of bias by two authors working independently. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers and analysed using the Review Manager 5 software. Outcomes are reported as vaccine protective efficacy (VE) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Main results: Seven large efficacy trials, four small artificial challenge studies, and twenty-nine safety trials contributed data to this review.Five variations of a killed whole cell vaccine have been evaluated in large scale efficacy trials (four trials, 249935 participants). The overall vaccine efficacy during the first year was 52% (95% CI 35% to 65%), and during the second year was 62% (95% CI 51% to 62%). Protective efficacy was lower in children aged less than 5 years; 38% (95% CI 20% to 53%) compared to older children and adults; 66% (95% CI 57% to 73%).One trial of a killed whole cell vaccine amongst military recruits demonstrated 86% protective efficacy (95% CI 37% to 97%) in a small epidemic occurring within 4 weeks of the 2-dose schedule (one trial, 1426 participants). Efficacy data is not available beyond two years for the currently available vaccine formulations, but based on data from older trials is unlikely to last beyond three years.The safety data available on killed whole cell vaccines have not demonstrated any clinically significant increase in adverse events compared to placebo.Only one live attenuated vaccine has reached Phase III clinical evaluation and was not effective (one trial, 67508 participants). Two new candidate live attenuated vaccines have demonstrated clinical effectiveness in small artificial challenge studies, but are still in development.

Authors' conclusions: The currently available oral killed whole cell vaccines can prevent 50 to 60% of cholera episodes during the first two years after the primary vaccination schedule. The impact and cost-effectiveness of adopting oral cholera vaccines into the routine vaccination schedule of endemic countries will depend on the prevalence of cholera, the frequency of epidemics, and access to basic services providing rapid rehydration therapy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

We certify that we have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with a direct financial interest in the subject matter of the review (e.g. employment, consultancy, stock ownership, honoraria, expert testimony).

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, outcome: 1.5 Cases of cholera by age group ‐ First two years of follow‐up.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera ‐ 1st year of follow up (with meta analysis)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera ‐ 2nd year of follow up (with meta analysis)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera ‐ 3rd year of follow up (with meta analysis)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 4: Cases of cholera ‐ 4th year of follow up (with meta analysis)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 5: Cases of cholera by age group ‐ First two years of follow‐up
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Primary efficacy outcomes, Outcome 6: Cases of cholera by age group ‐ First two years of follow‐up (sensitivity analysis)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera by time of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 2nd year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 4: Cases of cholera by blood group ‐ First 2 years of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 5: Cases of all cause diarrhoea ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 6: Deaths ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera by time of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 2nd year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 4: Cases of cholera by blood group ‐ First 2 years of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 5: Cases of all cause diarrhoea ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 6: Deaths ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1: Cases of confirmed cholera by time of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera by age‐group ‐ 2nd year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 4: Cases of cholera by blood group, First 2 years of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 5: Cases of all cause diarrhoea ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Whole cell vaccine (WC) versus Whole cell vaccine plus B subunit (WC‐BS) ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 6: Deaths ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (3‐dose recipients)
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Whole cell plus recombinant B subunit vaccine (WC‐rBS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera by age group ‐ 1st year of follow‐up (2 doses)
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Whole cell plus recombinant B subunit vaccine (WC‐rBS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera by age group ‐ 2nd year of follow‐up (2 doses plus booster)
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Whole cell plus recombinant B subunit vaccine (WC‐rBS) versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera in military recruits, 4 to 18 weeks follow‐up
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (first dose), Outcome 1: Adverse events ‐ Whole cell (WC) versus placebo
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (first dose), Outcome 2: Adverse events ‐ Whole cell plus B subunit (WC‐BS) versus placebo
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (first dose), Outcome 3: Adverse events ‐ Whole cell plus recombinant B subunit (WC‐rBS) versus placebo
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (first dose), Outcome 4: Adverse events ‐ Bivalent whole cell (BivWC) versus placebo
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (second dose), Outcome 1: Adverse events ‐ Whole cell plus recombinant B subunit (WC‐rBS) versus placebo
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Whole cell vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes (second dose), Outcome 2: Adverse events ‐ Bivalent whole cell (BivWC) versus placebo
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera following natural infection ‐ CVD 103HgR versus placebo
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 2: Severe cholera following natural infection ‐ CVD 103HgR versus placebo
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 3: Death from any cause (except motor accidents)
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 4: Death from diarrhoea (any organism)
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 5: Cases of moderate to severe diarrhoea ‐ following artificial challenge
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Efficacy outcomes, Outcome 6: Cases of any diarrhoea ‐following artificial challenge
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes, Outcome 1: Adverse events ‐ CVD 103‐HgR versus placebo
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes, Outcome 2: Adverse events ‐ Peru 15 versus placebo
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Live attenuated vaccines (all types) versus placebo ‐ Safety outcomes, Outcome 3: Adverse events ‐ VC638 versus placebo
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Live attenuated CVD 103‐HgR vaccine versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera by age group (age 2‐5 years)
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Live attenuated CVD 103‐HgR vaccine versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 2: Cases of confirmed cholera attending healthcare facilities (age over 5 years)
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Live attenuated CVD 103‐HgR vaccine versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 3: Cases of cholera within four years and five months, by blood group
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Live attenuated CVD 103‐HgR vaccine versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 4: Any diarrhoea following artifical challenge, by blood group
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Live attenuated CVD 103‐HgR vaccine versus placebo ‐ Subgroup analysis, Outcome 5: Moderate or severe diarrhoea due to V. cholerae after artificial challenge, by blood group
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Anh 2007 {published data only}
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Cohen 2002 {published data only}
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Cryz 1990 {published data only}
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García 2005 {published data only}
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Hallander 2002 {published data only}
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Kanungo 2009 {published data only}
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Kotloff 1992 {published data only}
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Lagos 1993 {published data only}
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Lagos 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lagos R, Avendaño A, Prado V, Horwitz I, Wasserman S, Losonsky G, et al. Attenuated live cholera vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR elicits significantly higher serum vibriocidal antibody titers in persons of blood group O. Infection and Immunity 1995;63(2):707-9. - PMC - PubMed
Lagos 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lagos R, San Martin O, Wasserman SS, Prado V, Losonsky GA, Bustamante C, et al. Palatability, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of engineered live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in Chilean infants and toddlers. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18(7):624-30. - PubMed
Mahalanabis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mahalanabis D, Lopez AL, Sur D, Deen J, Manna B, Kanungo S, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults and children in a cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India. PLoS ONE 2008;3(6):e2323. - PMC - PubMed
Migasena 1989a {published data only}
    1. Migasena S, Pitisuttitham P, Prayurahong B, Suntharasamai P, Supanaranond W, Desakorn V, et al. Preliminary assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of live oral cholera vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR in healthy Thai adults. Infection and Immunity 1989;57(11):3261-4. - PMC - PubMed
Perry 1998 {published data only}
    1. Perry RT, Plowe CV, Koumaré B, Bougoudogo F, Kotloff KL, Losonsky GA, et al. A single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR is safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected and HIV-noninfected adults in Mali. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1998;76(1):63-71. - PMC - PubMed
Qadri 2005 {published data only}
    1. Qadri F, Chowdhury MI, Faruque SM, Salam MA, Ahmed T, Begum YA, et al. Randomized, controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of Peru-15, a live attenuated oral vaccine candidate for cholera, in adult volunteers in Bangladesh. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192(4):573-9. - PubMed
Qadri 2007 {published data only}
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Richie 2000 Indonesia {published data only}
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Sack 1997 {published data only}
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Sanchez 1993a {published data only}
    1. Sanchez JL, Trofa AF, Taylor DN, Kuschner RA, DeFraites RF, Craig SC, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the oral, whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in North American volunteers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993;167(6):1446-9. - PubMed
Sanchez 1994 Peru {published data only}
    1. Sanchez JL, Vasquez B, Begue RE, Meza R, Castellares G, Cabezas C, et al. Protective efficacy of oral whole-cell/recombinant-b-subunit cholera vaccine in Peruvian military recruits. Lancet 1994;344(8932):1273-76. - PubMed
Sanchez 1995 Peru {published data only}
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Simanjuntak 1993 {published data only}
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Su‐Arehawaratana 1992a {published data only}
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Su‐Arehawaratana 1992b {published data only}
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Suharyono 1992a {published data only}
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Suharyono 1992b {published data only}
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Sur 2009 India {published data only}
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Tacket 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tacket CO, Cohen MB, Wasserman SS, Losonsky G, Livio S, Kotloff K, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination. Infection and Immunity 1999;67(12):6341-5. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 1999a {published data only}
    1. Taylor DN, Cárdenas V, Perez J, Puga R, Svennerholm AM. Safety, immunogenicity, and lot stability of the whole cell/recombinant B subunit (WC/rCTB) cholera vaccine in Peruvian adults and children. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999;61(6):869-73. - PubMed
Taylor 2000 Peru {published data only}
    1. Taylor DN, Cardenas V, Sanchez JL, Begue RE, Gilman R, Bautista C, et al. Two-year study of the protective efficacy of the oral whole cell plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181:1667-73. - PubMed
Trach 1997 Viet Nam {published data only}
    1. Trach DD, Clemens JD, Ke NT, Thuy HT, Son ND, Canh DG, et al. Field trial of a locally produced, killed, oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam. Lancet 1997;349(9047):231-5. - PubMed
Trach 2002 {published data only}
    1. Trach DD, Cam PD, Ke NT, Rao MR, Dinh D, Hang PV, et al. Investigations into the safety and immunogenicity of a killed oral cholera vaccine developed in Viet Nam. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002;80(1):2-8. - PMC - PubMed
Valera 2009 {published data only}
    1. Valera R, Garcia HM, Jidy MD, Mirabal M, Armesto MI, Fando R, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of live oral cholera vaccine 638 in Cuban adults. Vaccine 2009;27(47):6564-9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ahmed 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed A, Li J, Shiloach Y, Bobbins JB, Szu SC. Safety and immunogenicity of Escherichia coli O157 O-specific polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in 2-5-year-old children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006;193(4):515-21. - PubMed
Ahren 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ahren C, Wenneras C, Holmgren J, Svennerholm A-M. Intestinal antibody response after oral immunization with a prototype cholera B subunit-colonization factor antigen enterotoxigenic escherichia coli vaccine. Vaccine 1993;11(9):929-34. - PubMed
Albert 2003 {published data only}
    1. Albert MJ, Qadri F, Wahed MA, Ahmed T, Rahman AS, Ahmed F, et al. Supplementation with zinc, but not vitamin A, improves seroconversion to vibriocidal antibody in children given an oral cholera vaccine. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(6):909-13. - PubMed
Ali 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ali M, Emch M, Seidlein L, Yunus M, Sack DA, Rao M, et al. Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis. Lancet 2005;366(9479):44-9. - PubMed
Ali 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ali M, Emch M, Yunus M, Sack D, Lopez AL, Holmgren J, Clemens J. Vaccine protection of Bangldeshi infants and young children against cholera: implications and for vaccine deployment and person-to-person transmission. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008;27(1):33-7. - PubMed
Anonymous 1968 {published data only}
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Anonymous 1973a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of monovalent classical and El Tor cholera vaccines in the Philippines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1973;49(1):13-9. - PMC - PubMed
Anonymous 1973b {published data only}
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Azurin 1967 {published data only}
    1. Azurin JC, Cruz A, Pesigan TP, Alvero M, Camena T, Suplido R, et al. A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of cholera and cholera El Tor vaccines in the Philippines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1967;37(5):703-27. - PMC - PubMed
Azurin 1971 {published data only}
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Benenson 1968a {published data only}
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Benenson 1968b {published data only}
    1. Benenson AS, Mosley WH, Fahimuddin M, Oseasohn RO. Cholera vaccine field trials in east Pakistan. 2. Effectiveness in the field. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1968;38(3):359-72. - PMC - PubMed
Bergquist 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bergquist C, Johansson EL, Lagergard T, Holmgren J, Rudin A. Intranasal vaccination of humans with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit induces systemic and local antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract and the vagina. Infection and Immunity 1997;65(7):2676-84. - PMC - PubMed
Black 1986 {published data only}
    1. Black RE, Levine MM, Clements ML, Young CR, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J, Germanier R. Oral immunization with killed whole vibrio and B subunit or procholeragenoid combination cholera vaccines: immune response and protection from V.chlolerae challenge. In: Kuwahara S, Peirce NF, editors(s). Advances in Research on Cholera and Related Diarrheas. Vol. 3. Tokyo: KTK Scientific Publications, 1986:271-5.
Black 1987 {published data only}
    1. Black RE, Levine MM, Clements ML, Young CR, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J. Protective efficacy in humans of killed whole-vibrio oral cholera vaccine with and without the B subunit of cholera toxin. Infection and Immunity 1987;55(5):1116-20. - PMC - PubMed
Burgasov 1976 {published data only}
    1. Burgasov PN, Sumarokov AA, Lelikov VL, Marcuk LM, Fedenev VG, Dzaparidze MN, et al. Comparative study of reactions and serological response to cholera vaccines in a controlled field trial conducted in the USSR. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1976;54(2):163-70. - PMC - PubMed
Bwanga 1984 {published data only}
    1. Bwanga M. [Initial controlled clinical trials of an oral anticholera vaccine during the cholera epidemic in the district of Malemba-Nkulu (Shaba-Zaire)]. Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales 1984;77(1):13-6. - PubMed
Cash 1974 {published data only}
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Cavailler 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cavailler P, Lucas M, Perroud V, McChesney M, Ampuero S, Guerin PJ, et al. Feasibility of a mass vaccination campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in an urban cholera-endemic setting in Mozambique. Vaccine. 2006;24(22):4890-5. - PubMed
Chaicumpa 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chaicumpa W, Chongsa-nguan M, Kalambaheti T, Wilairatana P, Srimanote P, Makakunkijcharoen Y et al. Immunogenicity of liposome-associated and refined antigen oral cholera vaccine in Thai volunteers. Vaccine 1998;16(7):678-84. - PubMed
Chongsa‐nguan 1988 {published data only}
    1. Chongsa-nguan M, Chaicumpa W, Ruangkunaporn Y, Looareesuwan S. Immunogenicity of two formulations of oral cholera vaccines in Thai volunteers. Vaccine 1991;9(1):53-9. - PubMed
Chongsa‐nguan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Chongsa-nguan M, Chaicumpa W, Ruangkunaporn Y, Looareesuwan S. Immunogenicity of two formulations of oral cholera vaccines in Thai volunteers. Vaccine 1991;9(1):53-9. - PubMed
Ciznar 1989 {published data only}
    1. Ciznar I, Hussain N, Ahsan CR, Kay BA, Clemens JD, Sack DA. Oral cholera vaccines containing B-subunit-killed whole cells and killed whole cells only. I. Cross-reacting antigens of members of family Vibrionaceae and the vaccines. Vaccine 1989;7(2):111-6. - PubMed
Clemens 1986 {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Jertborn M, Sack D, Stanton B, Holmgren J, Khan MR, Huda S. Effect of neutralization of gastric acid on immune responses to an oral b subunit, killed whole-cell cholera vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1986;154(1):175-8. - PubMed
Clemens 1988 {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Harris JR, Chakraborty J, Neogy PK, Stanton B, et al. Cross-protection by B subunit-whole cell Cholera vaccine against diarrhea associated with heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic escherichia coli: results of a large-scale field trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;158(2):372-7. - PubMed
Clemens 1989a {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Harris JR, Kay BA, Chakraborty J, Sack DA, Ansaruzzaman M, et al. Oral cholera vaccines containing B-subunit-killed whole cells and killed whole cells only. II. Field evaluation of cross-protection against other members of the vibrionaceae family. Vaccine 1989;7(2):117-20. - PubMed
Clemens 1989b {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Stanton BF, Harris JR, Chakraborty J, Dack DA, Rao MR, et al. Exclusion of clinically atypical or microbiologically mixed diarrhoeal episodes from outcome events in a field trial of oral cholera vaccines. International Journal of Epidemiology 1989;18(2):440-5. - PubMed
Clemens 1990 {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Chakraborty J, Rao MR, Ahmed F, Harris JR, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: evaluation of anti-bacterial and anti-toxic breast-milk immunity in repsonse to ingestion of the vaccines. Vaccine 1990;8:469-72. - PubMed
Clemens 1991 {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Loon F, Sack DA, Chakraborty J, Rao MR, Ahmed F, et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: serum vibriocidal and antitoxic antibodies as markers of the risk of cholera. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991;163:1235-42. - PubMed
Clemens 1992a {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Loon FF, Rao M, Sack DA, Ahmed F, Chakraborty J, et al. Nonparticipation as a determinant of adverse health outcomes in a field trial of oral cholera vaccines. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992;135(8):865-74. - PubMed
Clemens 1992b {published data only}
    1. Clemens JD, Sack DA, Rao MR, Chakraborty J, Khan MR, Kay B, et al. Evidence that inactivated oral cholera vaccines both prevent and mitigate vibrio cholerae 01 infections in a cholera-endemic area. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992;166:1029-34. - PubMed
Clemens 1995 {published data only}
    1. Clemens J, Rao M, Sack D, Ahmed F, Khan MR, Chakraborty J, et al. Impaired immune response to natural infection as a correlate of vaccine failure in a field trial of killed oral cholera vaccines. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;142(7):759-64. - PubMed
Cohen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cohen MB, Giannella RA, Losonsky GA, Lang DR, Parker S, Hawkins JA, et al. Validation and characterization of a human volunteer challenge model for cholera by using frozen bacteria of the new Vibrio cholerae epidemic serotype, O139. Infection & Immunity 1999;67(12):6346-9. - PMC - PubMed
Cohen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cohen D, Orr N, Haim M, Ashkenazi S, Robin G, Green MA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two different lots of the oral, killed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in young Isreali adults. Infection and Immunology 2000;68(8):4492-7. - PMC - PubMed
Cooper 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Losonsky G, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Sridhara R, et al. Albendazole treatment of children with ascariasis enhances the vibriocidal antibody response to the live attenuated oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;182(4):1199-206. - PubMed
Cooper 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cooper PJ, Chico M, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Levine MM, et al. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with suppression of the interleukin-2 response to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit following vaccination with the live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. Infection and Immunity 2001;69(3):1574-80. - PMC - PubMed
Coster 1995 {published data only}
    1. Coster TS, Killeen KP, Waldor MK, Beattie DT, Spriggs DR, Kenner JR, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of live attenuated Vibrio cholerae O139 vaccine prototype. Lancet 1995;345(8955):949-52. - PubMed
Cryz 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cryz Jr SJ, Levine MM, Losonsky G, Kaper JB, Althaus B. Safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine in Swiss adults. Infection and Immunity 1992;60(9):3916-7. - PMC - PubMed
Cryz 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cryz SJ, Que JU, Levine MM, Wiedermann G, Kollaritsch H. Safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi Ty21a)-cholera (Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR) vaccine in healthy adults. Infection and Immunity 1995;63(4):1336-9. - PMC - PubMed
Das 1967 {published data only}
    1. Das Gupta A, Sinha R, Shrivastava DL, De SP, Taneja BL, Rao MS, et al. Controlled field trial of the effectiveness of cholera and cholera El Tor vaccines in Calcutta. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1967;37(3):371-85. - PMC - PubMed
Dearlove 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dearlove CE, Forrest BD, den Bosch L, La Brooy JT. The antibody response to an oral Ty21a-based typhoid-cholera hybrid is unaffected by prior oral vaccination with Ty21a. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992;165(1):182-3. - PubMed
Durham 1998 {published data only}
    1. Durham LK, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Clemens JD, Nizam A, Rao M. Estimation of vaccine efficacy in the presence of waning: application to cholera vaccines. American Journal of Epidemiology 1998;147(10):948-59. - PubMed
Emch 2006 {published data only}
    1. Emch M, Ali M, Park JK, Yunus M, Sack DA, Clemens JD. Relationship between neighbourhood-level killed oral cholera vaccine coverage and protective efficacy: evidence for herd immunity. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2006;35(4):1044-50. - PubMed
Emch 2007 {published data only}
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Emch 2009 {published data only}
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Forrest 1991 {published data only}
    1. Forrest BD, LaBrooy JT. In vivo evidence of immunological masking of the Vibrio cholerae O antigen of a hybrid Salmonella typhi Ty21a-Vibrio cholerae oral vaccine in humans. Vaccine 1991;9(7):515-20. - PubMed
Ganguly 1975 {published data only}
    1. Ganguly R, Clem LW, Bencic Z, Sinha R, Sakazaki R, Waldman RH. Antibody response in the intestinal secretions of volunteers immunized with various cholera vaccines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1975;52(3):323-30. - PMC - PubMed
Gateff 1975 {published data only}
    1. Gateff C, Dodin A, Wiart J. [A comparison of the serological effects of classical cholera vaccine and of purified fraction vaccine, with or without simultaneous yellow fever vaccine (author's transl)]. Annales de microbiologie 1975;126(2):231-46. - PubMed
Glass 1989 {published data only}
    1. Glass RI, Svennerholm A-M, Stoll BJ, Khan MR, Huda S, Huq MI, Holmgren J. Effects of undernutrition on infection with vibrio cholerae 01 and on response to oral cholera vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1989;8(2):105-9. - PubMed
Glenn 2007 {published data only}
    1. Glenn GM, Villar CP, Flyer DC, Bourgeois AL, McKenzie R, Lavker RM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine patch containing heat-labile toxin: use of skin pretreatment to disrupt the stratum corneum. Infection and Immunity 2007;75(5):2163-70. - PMC - PubMed
Graves 2000 {published data only}
    1. Graves P, Deeks J, Demicheli V, Pratt M, Jefferson T. Vaccines for preventing cholera. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. Art. No: CD000974. Art. No: CD000974. [DOI: Art. No.: CD000974. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000974]
Gray 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gray BN, Walker C, Andrewartha L, Freeman S, Bennett RC. Controlled clinical trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG and neuraminidase-treated autologous tumour cells in large bowel cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology 1989;40(1):34-7. - PubMed
Gupta 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gupta RK, Taylor DN, Bryla DA, Robbins JB, Szu SC. Phase 1 evaluation of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba, polysaccharide-cholera toxin conjugates in adult volunteers. Infection and Immunity 1998;66(7):3095-9. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hall ER, Wierzba TF, Ahren C, Rao MR, Bassily S, Francis W, et al. Induction of systemic antifimbria and antitoxin antibody responses in Egyptian children and adults by an oral, killed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine. Infection and Immunity 2001;69(5):2853-7. - PMC - PubMed
Holmgren 1989 {published data only}
    1. Holmgren J, Clemens J, Sack DA, Sanchez J, Svennerholm A-M. Oral immunization against cholera. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 1989;146:197-204. - PubMed
Holmgren 1992 {published data only}
    1. Holmgren J, Svennerholm AM, Jertborn M, Clemens J, Sack DA, Salenstedt R, et al. An oral B subunit: whole cell vaccine against cholera. Vaccine 1992;10(13):911-4. - PubMed
Hotomi 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hotomi M, Saito T, Yamanaka N. Specific mucosal immunity and enhanced nasopharyngeal clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae after intranasal immunization with outer membrane protein P6 and cholera toxin. Vaccine 1998;16(20):1950-6. - PubMed
Islam 2008 {published data only}
    1. Islam Z, Maskery B, Nyamete A, Horowitz MS, Yunus M, Whittington D. Private demand for cholera vaccines in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Health Policy 2008;85(2):184-95. - PubMed
Jertborn 1984 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J. Gut mucosal, salivary and serum antitoxic and antibacterial antibody responses in Swedes after oral immunization with B subunit-whole cell cholera vaccine. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 1984;75(1):38-43. - PubMed
Jertborn 1986 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J. Saliva, breast milk, and serum antibody responses as indirect measures of intestinal immunity after oral cholera vaccination or natural disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986;24(2):203-9. - PMC - PubMed
Jertborn 1988 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J. Five-year immunologic memory in Swedish volunteers after oral cholera vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;157(2):374-7. - PubMed
Jertborn 1992 {published data only}
    1. Jetborn M, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant cholera b subunit-whole cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers. Vaccine 1992;10(2):130-2. - PubMed
Jertborn 1993 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J. Evaluation of different immunization schedules for oral cholera B subunit-whole cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers. Vaccine 1993;11(10):1007-12. - PubMed
Jertborn 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J. Immunological memory after immunizatiom with oral cholera B subunit-whole-cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers. Vaccine 1994;12(12):1078-82. - PubMed
Jertborn 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jetborn M, Svennerholm A-M, Holmgren J. Intestinal and systemic immune responses in human after oral immunization with a bivalent b subunit-01/0139 whole cell cholera vaccine. Vaccine 1996;14(15):1459-65. - PubMed
Jertborn 1998 {published data only}
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Jertborn 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jertborn M, Ahren C and Svennerholm AM. Dose-dependent circulating immunoglobin A antibody-secreting cell and serum antibody responses in Swedish volunteers to an oral inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2001;8(2):424-8. - PMC - PubMed
Johansson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Johansson EL, Wassen L, Holmgren J, Jertborn M, Rudin A. Nasal and vaginal vaccinations have differential effects on antibody responses in vaginal and cervical secretions in humans. Infection and Immunity 2001;69(12):7481-6. - PMC - PubMed
Johansson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Johansson EL, Bergquist C, Edebo A, Johansson C, Svennerholm AM. Comparison of different routes of vaccination for eliciting antibody responses in the human stomach. Vaccine 2004;22(8):984-90. - PubMed
Jones 2004 {published data only}
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Karlsen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Karlsen TH, Sommerfelt H, Klomstad S, Andersen PK, Strand TA, Ulvik RJ, et al. Intestinal and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera toxoid B subunit whole-cell vaccine administered during zinc supplementation. Infection and Immunity 2003;71(7):3909-13. - PMC - PubMed
Kenner 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kenner JR, Coster TS, Taylor DN, Trofa AF, Barrera-Oro M, Hyman T, et al. Peru-15, an improved live attenuated oral vaccine candidate for Vibrio cholerae O1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995;172(4):1126-9. - PubMed
Kilhamn 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kilhamn J, Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM. Kinetics of local and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera vaccine given alone or together with acetylcysteine. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1998;5(2):247-50. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kim D, Canh do G, Poulos C, Thoa le TK, Cook J, Hoa NT, et al. Private demand for cholera vaccines in Hue, Vietnam. Value Health 2008;11(1):119-28. - PubMed
Kirk 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kirk MD, Kiedrzynski T, Johnson E, Elymore A, Wainiqolo I. Risk factors for cholera in Pohnpei during an outbreak in 2000: lessons for Pacific countries and territories. Pacific Health Dialog 2005;12(2):17-22. - PubMed
Koenig 1998 {published data only}
    1. Koenig MA, Roy NC, McElrath T, Shahidullah M, Wojtyniak B. Duration of protective immunity conferred by maternal tetanus toxoid immunization: Further evidence from Matlab, Bangladesh. American Journal of Public Health 1998;88(6):903-7. - PMC - PubMed
Kollaritsch 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kollaritsch H, Furer E, Herzog C, Wiedermann G, Que JU, Cryz SJ. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of combined Salmonella typhi Ty21a and Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR live oral vaccines. Infection and Immunity 1996;64(4):1454-7. - PMC - PubMed
Kollaritsch 1997 {published data only}
    1. Kollaritsch H, Que JU, Kunz C, Wiedermann G, Herzog C, Cryz SJ. Safety and immunogenicity of live oral cholera and typhoid vaccines administered alone or in combination with antimalarial drugs, oral polio vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;175(4):871-5. - PubMed
Kozlowski 1999 {published data only}
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Langevin‐Perriat 1988 {published data only}
    1. Langevin-Perriat A, Lafont S, Vincent C, Revillard JP, Mazert MC, Gerfaux G, et al. Intestinal secretory antibody response induced by an oral cholera vaccine in human volunteers. Vaccine 1988;6(6):509-12. - PubMed
Lastre 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lastre M, Del Campo J, Cedre B, Valmaseda T, Garcia L, Bracho G, Serrano T, Fando R, Sierra G, Perez O. Mucosal IgA anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies induced by 638 oral live attenuated candidate vaccine. Immunologia 2002;21(1):3-9.
Lelikov 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lelikov VL, Sumarokov AA, Ivanov NR, Fedenev VG, Poliakov KA. [Study of the immunogenicity and immunological effectiveness of choleragen anatoxin (data from a controlled epidemiological experiment). I. The characteristics of choleragen anatoxin compared wiht corpuscular cholera vaccines administered by syringe and by using a jet injector]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii 1974;(11):25-30. - PubMed
Levine 1984 {published data only}
    1. Levine MM, Black RE, Clements MLet al. Evaluation in humans of attenuated Vibrio cholerae El Tor Ogawa strain Texas Star-SR as a live oral vaccine. Infection and Immunity 1984;43(2):515-22. - PMC - PubMed
Levine 1988a {published data only}
    1. Levine MM, Kaper JB, Herrington D, Losonsky G, Morris JG, Clements ML, et al. Volunteer studies of deletion mutants of Vibrio cholerae O1 prepared by recombinant techniques. Infection and Immunity 1988;56(1):161-7. - PMC - PubMed
Levine 1988b {published data only}
    1. Levine MM, Kaper JB, Herrington D, Ketley J, Losonsky G, Tacket CO, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of recombinant live oral cholera vaccines, CVD 103 and CVD 103-HgR. Lancet 1988;2(8609):467-70. - PubMed
Lewis 1993 {published data only}
    1. Lewis DJ, Castello-Branco LR, Novotny P, Dougan G, Poulton TA, Griffin GE. Circulating cellular immune response to oral immunization of humans with cholera toxin B-subunit. Vaccine 1993;11(2):119-21. - PubMed
Leyten 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leyten EM, Soonawala D, Schultsz C, Herzog C, Ligthelm RJ, Wijnands S, et al. Analysis of efficacy of CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine against all-cause travellers' diarrhoea in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Vaccine 2005;23(43):5120-6. - PubMed
Lopez 2008 {published data only}
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Losonsky 1993 {published data only}
    1. Losonsky GA, Tacket CO, Wasserman SS, Kaper JB, Levine MM. Secondary Vibrio cholerae-specific cellular antibody responses following wild-type homologous challenge in people vaccinated with CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine: Changes with time and lack of correlation with protection. Infection and Immunity 1993;61(2):729-33. - PMC - PubMed
Losonsky 1996 {published data only}
    1. Losonsky GA, Yunyongying J, Lim V, Reymann M, Yu Leong Lim, Wasserman SS, et al. Factors influencing secondary vibriocidal immune responses: Relevance for understanding immunity to cholera. Infection and Immunity 1996;64(1):10-5. - PMC - PubMed
Lucas 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lucas ME, Deen JL, Seidlein L, Wang XY, Ampuero J, Puri M, et al. Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;352(8):757-67. - PubMed
Lucas 2007 {published data only}
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Mahalanabis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mahalanabis D, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Ghosh A, Shaikh S, Sen B, et al. Randomized placebo controlled human volunteer trial of a live oral cholera vaccine VA1.3 for safety and immune response. Vaccine 2009;27(35):4850-6. - PubMed
María Garcia 2005 {published data only}
    1. María García H, Año G, Cedré B, Valmaseda T, Maestre JL, Díaz M, et al. [Selection of attenuated Vibrio cholerae strains to obtain oral attenuated candidate vaccines against cholera]. Revista cubana de medicina tropical 2005;57(2):92-104. - PubMed
Martell 2009 {published data only}
    1. Martell BA, Orson FM, Poling J, Mitchell E, Rossen RD, Gardner T, et al. Cocaine vaccine for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66(10):1116-23. - PMC - PubMed
McCormack 1969 {published data only}
    1. McCormack WM, Rahman AS, Chowdhury AK, Mosley WH, Phillips RA. Report of the 1966-67 cholera vaccine field trial in rural East Pakistan. 3. The lack of effect of prior vaccination or circulating vibriocidal antibody on the severity of clinical cholera. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1969;40(2):199-204. - PMC - PubMed
Migasena 1988 {published data only}
    1. Migasena S, Pitisuttitham P, Supanaranond W, Desakorn V, Prayurahong B, Suntharasamai, P. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccine in Thai volunteers. Souteast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1988;19(3):423-8. - PubMed
Migasena 1989b {published data only}
    1. Migasena S, Desakorn V, Suntharasamai P, Pitisuttitham P, Prayurahong B, Supanaranond W, et al. Immunogenicity of two formulations of oral cholera vaccine comprised of killed whole vibrios and the B subunit of cholera toxin. Infection and Immunity 1989;57(1):117-20. - PMC - PubMed
Migasena 1989c {published data only}
    1. Migasena S, Pitisuttitham P, Suntharasamai P, Prayurahong B, Supanaranond W, Desakorn V, et al. Comparison of the reactivities and immunogenicities of procholeragenoid and the B subunit of cholera toxin in Thai volunteers. Infection and Immunity 1989;57(7):1942-5. - PMC - PubMed
Mitra 1990 {published data only}
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Mosley 1968 {published data only}
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Pal 1980 {published data only}
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Peltola 1977 {published data only}
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    1. Qadri F, Ahmed T, Ahmed F, Bradley Sack R, Sack DA, Svennerholm AM. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in Bangladeshi children 18-36 months of age. Vaccine 2003;2(21):19-20. - PubMed
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    1. Qadri F, Ahmed T, Wahed MA, Ahmed F, Bhuiyan NA, Rahman AS, et al. Suppressive effect of zinc on antibody response to cholera toxin in children given the killed, B subunit-whole cell, oral cholera vaccine. Vaccine 2004;22(4):416-21. - PubMed
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    1. Qadri F, Ahmed T, Ahmed F, Begum YA, Sack DA, Svennerholm AM. Reduced doses of oral killed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine is safe and immunogenic in Bangladeshi infants 6-17 months of age: dosing studies in different age groups. Vaccine 2006;24(10):1726-33. - PubMed
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    1. Sack DA, Clemens JD, Huda S, Harris JR, Khan MR, Chakraborty J, et al. Antibody responses after immunization with killed oral cholera vaccines during the 1985 vaccine field trial in Bangladesh. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991;164(2):407-11. - PubMed
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    1. Sack DA, Shimko J, Torres O, Bourgeois AL, Francia DS, Gustafsson B, et al. Randomised, double-blind, safety and efficacy of a killed oral vaccine for enterotoxigenic E. Coli diarrhoea of travellers to Guatemala and Mexico. Vaccine 2007;25(22):4392-400. - PubMed
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    1. Sanchez J, Begue R, Gaillour A, Cardenas V, et al. Feasibility of an efficacy trial of the whole cell plus recombinant B subunit (WC/rBS) oral cholera vaccine in Lima, Peru. [abstract]. AmericanJournal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;51:216.
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    1. Saroso JS, Bahrawi W, Witjaksono H, Budiarso RL, Brotowasisto, Bencic Z, et al. A controlled field trial of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines in Surabaya, Indonesia, during 1973--75. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1978;56(4):619-27. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Nataro JP, Cryz SJ, Edelman R, Kaper JB, et al. Onset and duration of protective immunity in challenged volunteers after vaccination with live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992;166(4):837-41. - PubMed
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