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. 2011 Apr 12;57(15):1604-10.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.056.

Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease mortality by cardiorespiratory fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years in men. The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Jarett D Berry  1 , Benjamin Willis, Sachin Gupta, Carolyn E Barlow, Susan G Lakoski, Amit Khera, Anand Rohatgi, James A de Lemos, William Haskell, Donald M Lloyd-Jones
Affiliations

Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease mortality by cardiorespiratory fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years in men. The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Jarett D Berry et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. .

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between fitness and lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Background: Higher levels of traditional risk factors are associated with marked differences in lifetime risks for CVD. However, data are sparse regarding the association between fitness and the lifetime risk for CVD.

Methods: We followed up 11,049 men who underwent clinical examination at the Cooper Institute in Dallas, Texas, before 1990 until the occurrence of CVD death, non-CVD death, or attainment of age 90 years (281,469 person-years of follow-up, median follow-up 25.3 years, 1,106 CVD deaths). Fitness was measured by the Balke protocol and categorized according to treadmill time into low, moderate, and high fitness, with further stratification by CVD risk factor burden. Lifetime risk for CVD death determined by the National Death Index was estimated for fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years, with non-CVD death as the competing event.

Results: Differences in fitness levels (low fitness vs. high fitness) were associated with marked differences in the lifetime risks for CVD death at each index age: age 45 years, 13.7% versus 3.4%; age 55 years, 34.2% versus 15.3%; and age 65 years, 35.6% versus 17.1%. These associations were strongest among persons with CVD risk factors.

Conclusions: A single measurement of low fitness in mid-life was associated with higher lifetime risk for CVD death, particularly among persons with a high burden of CVD risk factors.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death in men stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Treadmill times were compared with normative data on treadmill performance allowing treadmill time to be classified into an age-specific quintile of fitness. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–3 as “intermediate fit”; and quintiles 4–5 as “high fit”. See methods for details.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death in men stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Treadmill times were compared with normative data on treadmill performance allowing treadmill time to be classified into an age-specific quintile of fitness. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–3 as “intermediate fit”; and quintiles 4–5 as “high fit”. See methods for details.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death in men stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Treadmill times were compared with normative data on treadmill performance allowing treadmill time to be classified into an age-specific quintile of fitness. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–3 as “intermediate fit”; and quintiles 4–5 as “high fit”. See methods for details.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factor burden measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–5 as “high fit”. “Low risk burden” defined as the combined presence of non-smoking status and non-diabetic status with total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure < 140 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg. “High risk burden” defined as the presence of one or more of the following: current smoker, diabetes, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. See methods for details. At age 65-years, the sample size was insufficient to create reliable lifetime risk estimates for low fit/low risk factor burden group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factor burden measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–5 as “high fit”. “Low risk burden” defined as the combined presence of non-smoking status and non-diabetic status with total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure < 140 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg. “High risk burden” defined as the presence of one or more of the following: current smoker, diabetes, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. See methods for details. At age 65-years, the sample size was insufficient to create reliable lifetime risk estimates for low fit/low risk factor burden group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease death stratified by cardiorespiratory fitness and risk factor burden measured at age a) 45-, b) 55-, and c) 65-years. Quintile 1 defined as “low fit”; quintiles 2–5 as “high fit”. “Low risk burden” defined as the combined presence of non-smoking status and non-diabetic status with total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure < 140 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg. “High risk burden” defined as the presence of one or more of the following: current smoker, diabetes, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. See methods for details. At age 65-years, the sample size was insufficient to create reliable lifetime risk estimates for low fit/low risk factor burden group.
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