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. 2011 Jun;26(7):1206-17.
doi: 10.1002/mds.23709. Epub 2011 Apr 11.

Nonmotor manifestations of dystonia: a systematic review

Daniel J Kuyper  1 , Veronica Parra, Shanae Aerts, Michael S Okun, Benzi M Kluger
Affiliations

Nonmotor manifestations of dystonia: a systematic review

Daniel J Kuyper et al. Mov Disord. 2011 Jun.

Abstract

Nonmotor symptoms are increasingly recognized as important determinants of quality of life and disability in a wide range of movement disorders. There is a limited body of research suggesting that many of these symptoms are also commonly associated with primary and other genetic forms of dystonia. However, the significance, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of these symptoms remain poorly described. The following is a review of the literature that focuses primarily on the association of these types of dystonia with psychiatric disorders, cognition, sleep, pain, and autonomic symptoms. We will also discuss potential mechanisms and approaches to treatment for nonmotor features of dystonia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures: The authors report no conflict of interest.

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