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. 2011 May;117(5):1095-1104.
doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318214f0de.

Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors

Ellen W Freeman  1 , Mary D Sammel, Hui Lin, Ziyue Liu, Clarisa R Gracia
Affiliations

Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors

Ellen W Freeman et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 May.

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the duration of moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flushes and identify potential risk factors for hot flush duration.

Methods: The Penn Ovarian Aging Study cohort was monitored for 13 years. Hot flushes were evaluated at 9-month to 12-month intervals through in-person interviews. The primary outcome was the duration of moderate-to-severe hot flushes estimated by survival analysis (n=259). Potential risk factors included menopausal stage, age, race, reproductive hormone levels, body mass index (BMI), and current smoking. A secondary analysis included women who reported any hot flushes (n=349).

Results: The median duration of moderate-to-severe hot flushes was 10.2 years and was strongly associated with menopausal stage at onset. Hot flushes that started near entry into the menopause transition had a median duration greater than 11.57 years; onset in the early transition stage had a median duration of 7.35 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.94-8.89; P<.001); and onset in the late transition to postmenopausal stages had a median duration of 3.84 years (95% CI 1.77-5.52; P<.001). The most common ages at onset of moderate-to-severe hot flushes were 45-49 years (median duration, 8.1 years; 95% CI 5.12-9.28). African American women had a longer duration of hot flushes than white women in adjusted analysis.

Conclusion: The median duration of hot flushes considerably exceeded the timeframe that is generally accepted in clinical practice. The identified risk factors, particularly menopausal stage, race, and BMI, are important to consider in individualizing treatment and evaluating the risk-to-benefit ratio of hormones and other therapies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The other authors did not disclose any potential conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Kaplan-Meier estimates of hot flush duration by menopausal stage and symptom onset. Log rank P<.001.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A: Hot flush duration (in years) by age, race, and body mass index (BMI) for early onset (premenopausal or late premenopausal) of hot flushes. B: Hot flush duration (in years) by age, race, and body mass index (BMI) for late onset (late transitional or postmenopausal) of hot flushes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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