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. 2011 Feb 1;6(1):97-108.
doi: 10.1586/edm.10.70.

Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation

Taisuke Kondo  1 , Vincent J Hearing
Affiliations

Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation

Taisuke Kondo et al. Expert Rev Dermatol. .

Abstract

Melanogenesis is the unique process of producing pigmented biopolymers that are sequestered within melanosomes, which provides color to the skin, hair and eyes of animals and, in the case of human skin, also protects the underlying tissues from UV damage. We review the current understanding of melanogenesis, focusing on factors important to the biochemistry of pigment synthesis, the biogenesis of melanosomes, signaling pathways and factors that regulate melanogenesis, intramelanosomal pH, transport and transfer of melanosomes, and pigmentary disorders related to the dysfunction of melanosome-related proteins. Although it has been known for some time that many of the factors that affect melanogenesis are derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells and nerves, a number of new factors that are involved in that regulation have recently been reported, such as factors that regulate melanosome pH and ion transport.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Biosynthetic pathways of eumelanin and pheomelanin
The activities of TYR, TYRP1 and DCT are involved in the production of eumelanin, but only TYR and cysteine are required for the production of pheomelanin from DQ. CD: CysteinylDOPA; DCT: DOPAchrome tautomerase; DHI: 5,6-dihydroxyindole; DHICA: 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid; DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; DQ: Dopaquinone; QI: Ortho-quinonimine; TYR: Tyrosinase; TYRP1: Tyrosinase-related protein-1.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Selected factors and signaling pathway regulating melanocyte function
Various factors that regulate melanocyte function in the skin are shown. Antagonists of receptor binding are shown in red. Adapted from [20].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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