Placebo studies and ritual theory: a comparative analysis of Navajo, acupuncture and biomedical healing

Abstract

Using a comparative analysis of Navajo healing ceremonials, acupuncture and biomedical treatment, this essay examines placebo studies and ritual theory as mutually interpenetrating disciplines. Healing rituals create a receptive person susceptible to the influences of authoritative culturally sanctioned 'powers'. The healer provides the sufferer with imaginative, emotional, sensory, moral and aesthetic input derived from the palpable symbols and procedures of the ritual process-in the process fusing the sufferer's idiosyncratic narrative unto a universal cultural mythos. Healing rituals involve a drama of evocation, enactment, embodiment and evaluation in a charged atmosphere of hope and uncertainty. Experimental research into placebo effects demonstrates that routine biomedical pharmacological and procedural interventions contain significant ritual dimensions. This research also suggests that ritual healing not only represents changes in affect, self-awareness and self-appraisal of behavioural capacities, but involves modulations of symptoms through neurobiological mechanisms. Recent scientific investigations into placebo acupuncture suggest several ways that observations from ritual studies can be verified experimentally. Placebo effects are often described as 'non-specific'; the analysis presented here suggests that placebo effects are the 'specific' effects of healing rituals.

Figure 1.

Thunder People. A sandpainting of various Thunder People all of whom help to put Rainboy back into one piece. The image represents what the healer sings and dancers perform during this episode of the Hailway Chant. The zigzags on the Thunder People are lightening. In one hand they hold octagonal hailstones, and in the other, more lightning. They are also travelling on black and white lightning represented by zig-zags under their feet. (Adapted from Kaptchuk & Crocher [30].)