Comparison of glucostatic parameters after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery and equivalent weight loss

Abstract

Weight-loss independent mechanisms may play an important role in the improvement of glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The objective of this analysis was to determine whether RYGB causes greater improvement in glucostatic parameters as compared with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) or low calorie diet (LCD) after equivalent weight loss and independent of enteral nutrient passage. Study 1 recruited participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who underwent LAGB (n = 8) or RYGB (n = 9). Study 2 recruited subjects with T2DM who underwent LCD (n = 7) or RYGB (n = 7). Insulin-supplemented frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (fsIVGTT) was performed before and after equivalent weight reduction. MINMOD analysis of insulin sensitivity (Si), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and C-peptide (ACPRg) response to glucose, and insulin secretion normalized to the degree of insulin resistance (disposition index (DI)) were analyzed. Weight loss was comparable in all groups (7.8 ± 0.4%). In Study 1, significant improvement of Si, ACPRg, and DI were observed only after LAGB. In Study 2, Si, ACPRg, and plasma adiponectin increased significantly in the RYGB-DM group but not in LCD. DI improved in both T2DM groups, but the absolute increase was greater after RYGB (258.2 ± 86.6 vs. 55.9 ± 19.9; P < 0.05). Antidiabetic medications were discontinued after RYGB contrasting with 55% reduction in the number of medications after LCD. No intervention affected fasting glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, peptide YY (PYY) or ghrelin levels. In conclusion, RYGB produced greater improvement in Si and DI compared with diet at equivalent weight loss in T2DM subjects. Such a beneficial effect was not observed in nondiabetic subjects at this early time-point.

Figure 1

Glucostatic parameters for individual obese nondiabetic subjects pre and post laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) (n = 9) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n = 8). (a) Insulin sensitivity, Si. (b) Acute insulin response to glucose, AIRg. (c) Acute C-peptide response to glucose, ACPRg. (d) Insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity (disposition index), DI. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001.

Figure 2

Glucostatic parameters for individual obese type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects. Pre and post low calorie diet (LCD) (n = 7) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n = 7). (a) Insulin sensitivity, Si. (b) Acute insulin response to glucose, AIRg. (c) Acute C-peptide response to glucose, ACPRg. (d) Insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity (disposition index), DI. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01.

Figure 3

Fasting serum adiponectin levels for individual obese type 2 diabetes subjects pre and post low calorie diet (LCD) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). **P < 0.01.

Figure 4

Disposition index in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) pre and post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). *P < 0.05.