High-performance electrochemical biosensor for the detection of total cholesterol

Abstract

We report on a highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the determination of total cholesterol. The novel biosensor was fabricated by co-immobilizing three enzymes, cholesterol oxidase (ChO(x)), cholesterol esterase (ChE) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), on nanoporous gold networks directly grown on a titanium substrate (Ti/NPAu/ChO(x)-HRP-ChE). The morphology and composition of the fabricated nanoporous gold were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The electrochemical behaviour of the Ti/NPAu/ChO(x)-HRP-ChE biosensor was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), showing that the developed biosensor possessed high selectivity and high sensitivity (29.33 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²). The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, K(M)(app) of this biosensor was very low (0.64 mM), originating from the effective immobilization process and the nanoporous structure of the substrate. The biosensor exhibited a wide linear range up to 300 mg dL⁻¹ in a physiological condition (pH 7.4), which makes it very promising for the clinical determination of cholesterol. The fabricated biosensor was further tested using real food samples margarine, butter and fish oil, showing that the biosensor has the potential to be used as a facile cholesterol detection tool in food and supplement quality control.