Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2011 Jun 15;2011(6):CD002831.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2.

Psychoeducation for schizophrenia

Jun Xia  1 , Lars Bertil Merinder, Madhvi R Belgamwar
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Psychoeducation for schizophrenia

Jun Xia et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia can be a severe and chronic illness characterised by lack of insight and poor compliance with treatment. Psychoeducational approaches have been developed to increase patients' knowledge of, and insight into, their illness and its treatment. It is supposed that this increased knowledge and insight will enable people with schizophrenia to cope in a more effective way with their illness, thereby improving prognosis.

Objectives: To assess the effects of psychoeducational interventions compared with standard levels of knowledge provision.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (February 2010).

Selection criteria: All relevant randomised controlled trials focusing on psychoeducation for schizophrenia and/or related serious mental illnesses involving individuals or groups. We excluded quasi-randomised trials.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors extracted data independently from included papers. We contacted authors of trials for additional and missing data. We calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of homogeneous dichotomous data. We used a fixed-effects model for heterogeneous dichotomous data. Where possible we also calculated the numbers needed to treat (NNT), as well as weighted means for continuous data.

Main results: This review includes a total of 5142 participants (mostly inpatients) from 44 trials conducted between 1988 and 2009 (median study duration ˜ 12 weeks, risk of bias - moderate). We found that incidences of non-compliance were lower in the psychoeducation group in the short term (n = 1400, RR 0.52 CI 0.40 to 0.67, NNT 11 CI 9 to 16). This finding holds for the medium and long term. Relapse appeared to be lower in psychoeducation group (n = 1214, RR 0.70 CI 0.61 to 0.81, NNT 9 CI 7 to 14) and this also applied to readmission (n = 206, RR 0.71 CI 0.56 to 0.89, NNT 5 CI 4 to 13). Scale-derived data also suggested that psychoeducation promotes better social and global functioning. In the medium term, treating four people with schizophrenia with psychoeducation instead of standard care resulted in one additional person showing a clinical improvement. Evidence suggests that participants receiving psychoeducation are more likely to be satisfied with mental health services (n = 236, RR 0.24 CI 0.12 to 0.50, NNT 5 CI 5 to 8) and have improved quality of life.

Authors' conclusions: Psychoeducation does seem to reduce relapse, readmission and encourage medication compliance, as well as reduce the length of hospital stay in these hospital-based studies of limited quality. The true size of effect is likely to be less than demonstrated in this review - but, nevertheless, some sort of psychoeducation could be clinically effective and potentially cost beneficial. It is not difficult to justify better, more applicable, research in this area aimed at fully investigating the effects of this promising approach.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, outcome: 1.1 Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ non‐compliance.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ non‐compliance.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 2 Compliance: 1b. With medication ‐ partial compliance.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 4 Compliance: 2a. With follow up ‐ loss to follow‐up for any reason.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 5 Compliance: 2b. With follow‐up ‐ received intervention but left the study early.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 6 Compliance: 2c. With follow‐up ‐ allocated but never accepted treatment.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 7 Relapse: 1. Relapse for any reason.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 8 Relapse: 2. Relapse with readmission.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 9 Knowledge: 1a. Average endpoint scale scores on various knowledge scales.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 11 Knowledge: 2. Average endpoint scores on various insight scales.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 12 Knowledge: 3. Average endpoint score on illness‐related attitudes ‐ 4 months (KK, high = high expressed).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 13 Knowledge: 4. level of knowledge did not improve.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 14 Behaviour: Average score (NOSIE‐30, endpoint, high = poor).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 15 Social functioning: 1a. Average change scores on various scales ‐ medium term (high = poor).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 16 Social functioning: 1b. Average endpoint scores on various scales (high = poor).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 18 Global functioning: 1. No clinically significant improvement.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 19 Global functioning: 2. Average endpoint scale score.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 20 Service utilisation: days in hospital.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 22 Global state: 1. Average endpoint score ‐ medium term (CGI, high = poor).
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 23 Global state: 2. Increased medication dose by 25%.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 24 Global state: 3. Disability ‐ long term.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 25 Mental state: 1a. Global ‐ continuous ‐ average total endpoint scale scores (high = poor).
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 26 Mental state: 1b. Global ‐ continuous ‐ average change scale scores ‐ medium term (high = good).
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 28 Mental state: 2a. Specific ‐ binary ‐ specific symptoms ‐ short term.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 29 Mental state: 2b. Specific ‐ continuous ‐ average endpoint PANSS scores (high = poor).
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 30 Expressed emotion: Participants with high EE relatives (FQ).
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 31 Quality of life: Average endpoint scores on various scales (high = favourable).
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 32 Quality of life: Average endpoint scores on various scales (high = poor).
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 33 Satisfaction with mental health services: 1. Short term ‐ average change score (VSS, high = good).
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 34 Satisfaction with mental health services: 2. Average change ‐ at 1 year (VSS Scale, high = good).
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 35 Satisfaction with mental health services: 3. Binary outcome.
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY FORM OF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 36 Adverse event: Death.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 1. BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION/STANDARD PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ binary outcomes.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 1. BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION/STANDARD PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 2 Compliance: 2. With follow‐up ‐ loss to follow‐up for any reason.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 1. BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION/STANDARD PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 3 Compliance: 2a. with follow‐up ‐ received intervention but left the study early.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 1. BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION/STANDARD PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 4 Relapse: Relapse for any reason.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 2. GROUP PSYCHOEDUCATION/INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ binary outcomes.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 2. GROUP PSYCHOEDUCATION/INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 2 Compliance: 2. With follow‐up ‐ leaving the study early/loss to follow‐up.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUBGROUP ANALYSES 2. GROUP PSYCHOEDUCATION/INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOEDUCATION vs STANDARD CARE, Outcome 3 Relapse: Relapse for any reason.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ‐ Chinese studies vs non‐Chinese studies, Outcome 1 Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ non‐compliance.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ‐ Chinese studies vs non‐Chinese studies, Outcome 2 Compliance: 2a. With follow‐up ‐ loss to follow‐up for any reason.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ‐ Chinese studies vs non‐Chinese studies, Outcome 3 Compliance: 2b. With follow‐up ‐ received intervention but left the study early.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ‐ Chinese studies vs non‐Chinese studies, Outcome 4 Relapse: 1. Relapse for any reason.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Brief ‐ Both 2004 {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Gao CF, Yue SY, Zhan LY, Liu WG. Effect of family intervention on rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients in community. Journal of Nursing Science 2004;3(19):3‐6.
Brief ‐ Both 2004a {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Ren QL, Li CP, Yao N, Han FZ. Improvement of anxiety and depression in patients with schizophrenia at recovery stage via education of health conviction mode. Journal of Nursing Science 2004;19(15):51‐3.
Brief ‐ Group 1995 {published data only}
    1. Buchkremer G, Klingberg S, Holle R, Schulze Monking H, Hornung WP. Psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients and their key relatives or care‐givers: results of a two‐year follow‐up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997;96(6):483‐91. - PubMed
    1. Feldmann R, Buchkremer G, Hornung WP. Cognitive deficits of schizophrenic patients as predictors of the course of illness after psychoeducational psychotherapeutic interventions [Prognostische und therapeutische relevanz kognitiver ressourcen für den langenzeitverlauf schizophrener erkrankung nach psychoedukativ‐psychoterapeutischer behandlung]. Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie 2000;68(2):54‐60. - PubMed
    1. Hornung WP, Buchkremer G, Redbrake M, Klingberg S. Patient modified treatment. What are the effects of neuroleptic drugs on people with schizophrenia? [Patientmodifizierte medikation: Wie gehen schizophrene patienten mit ihren neuroleptika um?]. Nervenarzt 1993;64:434‐9. - PubMed
    1. Hornung WP, Feldman R, Klingberg S, Buchkremer G, Reker T. Long‐term effects of a psychoeducational psychotherapeutic intervention for schizophrenic outpatients and their key‐persons ‐ results of a five‐year follow‐up. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1999;249:162‐7. - PubMed
    1. Hornung WP, Feldman R, Schonauer K, Schäfer A, Schulze Mönking H, Klingberg S, Buchkremer G. Psychoeducational‐psychotherapeutic treatment of schizophrenic patients and their caregivers. II. Supplementary findings at a 2‐year follow‐up [Psychoedukativ‐psychotherapeutische behandlung von schizophrenen patienten und ihren bezugspersonen. II. Erganzende befunde der 2‐jahres‐ katamnese]. Nervenarzt 1999;70(5):444‐9. - PubMed
Brief ‐ Group 1995a {published data only}
    1. Razali MS, Yahua H. Compliance with treatment in schizophrenia: a drug intervention program in a developing country. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995;91:331‐5. - PubMed
    1. Razali SM, Yahua H. Health education and drug counseling for schizophrenia. International Medical Journal 1997;4(3):187‐9.
Brief ‐ Group 1999 {published data only}
    1. Merinder LB. Impact of Patient and Relative Education on Knowledge, Satisfaction With Services and Clinical Outcome in Schizophrenia. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Department of Psychiatric Demography, Institute for Basic Psychiatric Research. Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus, 2000.
    1. Merinder LB, Viuff AG, Laugesen H, Clemmensen K, Misfelt S, Espensen B. Patient and relative education in community psychiatry: a randomised controlled trial regarding its effectiveness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1999;34(6):287‐94. - PubMed
    1. Merinder LB, Viuff AG, Laugesen HD, Clemmensen K, Misfelt S, Espensen B. Patient and relative education in community psychiatry; a randomised trial regarding its usefulness. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists; 1998 Sep 20‐24; Copenhagen, Denmark. 1998.
    1. Merinder LB, Viufff AG, Laugesen H, Clemendsen K, Misfelt S, Espensen B. Effects of psychoeducative methods; a randomized controlled study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Supplement 1998;41:144.
Brief ‐ Group 2003 {published data only}
    1. Li FM, Xu JH. Comparative study on the effect of family intervention on schizophrenia patients in convalescence and their family members. Health Psychology Journal 2003;11(2):129‐30.
Brief ‐ Group 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhang H, Wang P, Wu Z. Influence of health education on compliance of orally taking medicines in schizophrenia patients of the first episode seeing doctor in out‐patient clinic. Chinese Nursing Research 2006;20(5):1246‐7.
Brief ‐ Group 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chan SH‐W, Lee SW‐K, Chan IW‐M. TRIP: a psycho‐educational programme in Hong Kong for people with schizophrenia. Occupational Therapy International 2007;14(2):86‐98. - PubMed
Brief ‐ Group 2007a {published data only}
    1. Lv C‐M, Lu D‐C, Lv W‐Q, Jin L‐Z, Zheng Q‐L. Effects of follow‐ up on family function of schizophrenia patients' families and their quality of life. Nanfang Journal of Nursing 2007;14(9):7‐9.
Brief ‐ Group 2007b {published data only}
    1. Dai JQ. Health education on compliance of schizophrenic patients. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2007; Vol. 19, issue 12:1089‐90.
Brief ‐ Group 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chan SW, Yip B, Tso S, Cheng B‐S, Tam W. Evaluation of a psychoeducation program for Chinese clients with schizophrenia and their family caregivers. Patient Education and Counseling 2009;75(1):67‐76. - PubMed
Brief ‐ Individual 1996 {published data only}
    1. Macpherson R, Jerrom B, Hughes A. A controlled study of education about drug treatment in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;168:709‐17. - PubMed
Brief ‐ Unclear 2005 {published data only}
    1. Li H. Systematic psychoeducation for medication compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Qilu Nursing 2005;11(7B):897‐8.
Standard ‐ Both 1996 {published data only}
    1. Herz MI. Psychosocial treatment. Psychiatric Annals 1996;26:531‐5.
    1. Herz MI, Lamberti JS, Minz J, Scott R, O'Dell SP, McCartan L, Nix G. A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000;57(3):277‐83. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Both 2004 {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Jia JD, Zhang MS. Influence of family mental intervention on social function, family environment and relapse rate in first‐episode schizophrenics. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;8(21):4184‐5.
Standard ‐ Both 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dong J. Psychoeducation for medication compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the Shanxi Medical College for Continuing Education 2006; Vol. 16, issue 1:57‐8.
Standard ‐ Both 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Z, Chen Q. Effect of pschoeducation on rehabilitation of schizophrenia. Guide to Chinese Medicine 2007;5(9):1‐3.
    1. Zhang Z‐C, Chen Q‐N. Effect of family health education on the family burden with schizophrenia. Contemporary Nursing 2008;5:1‐2.
Standard ‐ Both 2008a {published data only}
    1. Zhu Y‐R. Effect of health education on rehabilitation of first episode schizophrenia during the recovery period. Chinese Journal of Modern Nursing 2008;14(10):1156‐8.
Standard ‐ Both 2008b {published data only}
    1. Li JH. Psychoeducation for the post‐intervention recovery of first episode schizophrenia. Journal of Qiqihar Medical College 2008; Vol. 29, issue 11:1404‐6.
Standard ‐ Group 1988 {published data only}
    1. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N. Social functioning in schizophrenic patients. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1990;25:125‐9. - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C. Social functioning in schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1990;25:130‐1. - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Porceddu K, Watts S, Freeman H. Community management of schizophrenia. A two‐year follow‐up of a behavioural intervention with families. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989;154:625‐8. - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Porceddu, Watts S, Freeman H. The community management of schizophrenia. A controlled trial of a behavioural intervention with families to reduce relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988;153:532‐42. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Group 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jiang LP, Zhang YM, Wang XR. Effects of health education on the rehabilitation of inpatients with schizophrenia in convalescence. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;8(27):5748‐9.
Standard ‐ Group 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chabannes J, Bazin N, Leguay D, Nuss P, Perreti C, Tatu P, Khalfi F, Hameg A, Ferreri M. Could a psychoeducational programme reduce relapse in schizophrenic patients?. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;15(Suppl 3):499.
    1. Chabannes J‐P, Bazin N, Leguay D, Nuss P, Peretti C‐S, Tatu P, Hameg A, Garay RP, Ferreri M. Two‐year study of relapse prevention by a new education program in schizophrenic patients treated with the same antipsychotic drug. European Psychiatry 2008;23(1):8‐13. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Group 2006 {published data only}
    1. Vreeland B, Miinsky S, Yanos PT. Efficacy of the team solutions programme for educating patients about illness management and treatment. Psychiatric Services 2006;57(6):822‐8. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Group 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chien WT, Wong K‐F. A family psychoeducation group program for Chinese people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Services 2007;58(7):1003‐6. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Group 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang C, Li Y. Effect of community health education process applied to convalescent schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nursing Science 2008;23(15):66, 76.
Standard ‐ Individual 03a {published data only}
    1. Fu FZ, Liu L, Guo J, Ma ZF, Zhan LY. The rehabilitation effect of health education on schizophrenia patients in remission. Journal of Nursing Science 2003;18(5):385‐6.
Standard ‐ Individual 03b {published data only}
    1. Zeng ZX. An extended two‐year follow‐up of psychological education on insight recovery and drug therapy compliance and recurrence in schizophrenic patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7(12):1774‐5.
Standard ‐ Individual 03c {published data only}
    1. Zhang YJ, Zhao FY, Zhou CM, Wang BL. A comparative study of psychological education of stress to schizophrenia patients' effect during recovery period. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2003;15(10):633‐5.
Standard ‐ Individual 93 {published data only}
    1. Goulet J, Lalonde P, Lavoie G, Jodoin F. Effects of neuroleptic treatment education in young psychotics [Effets d'une éducation au traitement neuroleptique chez de jeunes psychotiques]. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 1993;38(8):571‐3. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Unclear 1988 {published data only}
    1. Clarkin JF, Glick ID, Haas G, Spencer JH. The effects of inpatient family intervention on treatment outcome. In: Mirin SM, Gossett JT, Grob MC editor(s). Psychiatric Treatment: Advances in Outcome Research. American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 1991:47‐59.
    1. Glick ID, Clarkin JF, Haas GL, Spencer JH. Clinical significance of inpatient family intervention: conclusions from a clinical trial. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1993;44(9):869‐73. - PubMed
    1. Glick ID, Clarkin JF, Haas GL, Spencer JH, Chen CL. A randomized clinical trial of inpatient family intervention: VI. Mediating variables and outcome. Family Process 1991;30:85‐99. - PubMed
    1. Glick ID, Clarkin JF, Spencer JH Jr, Haas GL, Lewis AB, Peyser J, DeMane N, Good Ellis M, Harris E, Lestelle V. A controlled evaluation of inpatient family intervention. Preliminary results of the six‐month follow‐up. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985;42(9):882‐6. - PubMed
    1. Glick ID, Spencer JH, Clarkin JF, Haas GL, Lewis AB, Peyser J, DeMane N, Good‐Ellis M, Harris E, Lestelle V. A randomized clinical trial of inpatient family intervention: IV. Followup results for subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1990;3(3):187‐200. - PubMed
Standard ‐ Unclear 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bauml J, Pitschel‐Walz G, Volz A, Engel RR, Kessling W. Psychoeducation in schizophrenia: 7‐year follow‐up concerning rehospitalization and days in hospital in the Munich psychosis information project study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(6):854‐61. - PubMed
    1. Bäuml J, Kissling W, Pitschel‐Walz G. Psychoeducational groups for schizophrenic patients: impact on knowledge and compliance [Psychoedukative gruppen für schizophrene patienten: Einfluss auf wissensstand und compliance]. Nervenheilkunde 1996;15:145‐50.
    1. Kissling W, Bäuml J, Pitschel‐Walz G, Buttner P, Boerner R, Engel R, et al. Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia: results of the Munich PIP‐study. In preparation 1999. - PubMed
    1. Pitschel‐Walz G, Bauml J, Bender W, Engel RR, Wagner M, Kissling W. Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia: results of the Munich psychosis information project study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006;67(3):443‐52. - PubMed
    1. Pitschel‐Walz G, Boerner R, Mayer C, Engell R, Peuker I, Welschehold M, Bauml J, Buttner P, Kissling W. Psychoeducational groups for schizophrenic patients and their relatives: influence on knowledge, attitudes and familial expressed emotions. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1993; Vol. 26:186.
Standard ‐ Unclear 2005 {published data only}
    1. Zhou ZY. Psychoeducation as a post‐discharge intervention for people with schizophrenia. Journal of Medical Forum 2005; Vol. 26, issue 20:91.
Standard ‐ Unclear 2005a {published data only}
    1. Chen HH, Wang FH, Zhang DM, Zhang HY, Li LF . Psychological intervention for the rehabilitation of people with schizophrenia. Journal of Qilu Nursing 2005; Vol. 11, issue 12A:1820.
Standard ‐ Unclear 2006 {published data only}
    1. Xie Y. Effects of mental health education on the accompanying dependants of hospitalized schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Diseases 2006;12(4):297‐8.
Standard ‐ Unclear 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Z. Analysis of medication compliance of schizophrenia patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2007;9:61‐2.
Unclear ‐ Both 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gao XC, Wu CJ, Kong Y, Han FZ, Cui AH, Tian B, Zhang YL. An investigation about the rehabilitation of schizophrenics insight by health education. Journal of Qilu nursing 2001;7(9):641‐3.
Unclear ‐ Both 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sun SZ, Zhang YJ, Liu MX, Xing SY, Zhao L. Effects of health education on recovery of insight and treatment compliance in schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Disease 2005;11(1):37‐47.
Unclear ‐ Both 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Z, Fan M‐L, Liu K‐H. Effect of health education on schizophrenia relapse interference. Occupation and Health 2007;23(9):684‐6.
Unclear ‐ Both 2007a {published data only}
    1. Zeng GE. Psychoeducation for medication compliance of hospitalised schizophrenia. China Foreign Medical Treatment 2007, issue 20:41.
Unclear ‐ Both 2008 {published data only}
    1. He RF. Effect of psychoeducation for family members of people with schizophrenia. World Health Digest [Journal of New Medicine] 2008; Vol. 5, issue 7:1249.
Unclear ‐ Group 1996 {published data only}
    1. Atkinson JM, Coia DA, Gilmour WH, Harper JP. The impact of education groups for people with schizophrenia on social functioning and quality of life. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;168:199‐204. - PubMed
Unclear ‐ Group 2008 {published data only}
    1. Huang Y, Xiong Y. Researches of health education methods in schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Diseases 2008;14(4):356‐7.
Unclear ‐ Individual 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang J, Long J, Gao J. The effect of health education on the treatment of schizophrenia patient. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology 2008;16(10):1163‐5.
Unclear ‐ Unclear 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hu JR. Application of health pathway therapy to people with schizophrenia. Attend to Practice and Research 2008; Vol. 5, issue 4:86‐7.

References to studies excluded from this review

Agara 2007 {published data only}
    1. Agara AJ, Onibi OE. Effects of group psychoeducation (GPE) on compliance with scheduled clinic appointments in a neuro‐psychiatric hospital in Southwest Nigeria: a randomised control trial (RCT). Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore 2007;36(4):272‐6. - PubMed
Aguglia 2007 {published data only}
    1. Aguglia E, Pascolo‐Fabrici E, Bertossi F, Bassi M. Psychoeducational intervention and prevention of relapse among schizophrenic disorders in the Italian community psychiatric network. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2007;3(7):1745‐79. - PMC - PubMed
An 2005 {published data only}
    1. An XF, Niu CX. Psychoeducation for medication compliance and relapse prevention of people with schizophrenia. Journal of Hebei Medical College for Continuing Education 2005; Vol. 22, issue 4:65‐6.
Angunawela 1998 {published data only}
    1. Angunawela II, Mullee MA. Drug information for the mentally ill: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 1998;2:121‐7. - PubMed
Azrin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Azrin NH, Teichner G. Evaluation of an instructional program for improving medication compliance for chronically mentally ill outpatients. Behaviour Research & Therapy 1998;36(9):849‐61. - PubMed
Barnes 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Barnes TRE. A controlled study of cognitive versus psychoeducational intervention in compliance with a depot neuroleptic regime among patients with schizophrenia. Current Controlled Trials (http://www.controlled‐trials.com/) 2001.
BaumI 2006 {published data only}
    1. BaumI J, Frobose T, Kraemer S, Rentrop M, Pitschel‐Walz G. Psychoeducation: a basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2006;32(Suppl 1):S1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Bechdolf 2005a {published data only}
    1. Bechdolf A, Kohn D, Knost B, Pukrop R, Klosterkotter J. A randomized comparison of group cognitive‐behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in acute patients with schizophrenia: outcome at 24 months. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2005;112(3):173‐9. - PubMed
Bechdolf 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bechdolf A. Development and pilot evaluation of modified cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescents with early onset psychosis. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov 2007.
Bi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bi YH. Psychoeducation for people with schizophrenia. Today Nurse 2000;2:13‐4.
Boczkowski 1985 {published data only}
    1. Boczkowski JA, Zeichner A, DeSanto N. Neuroleptic compliance among chronic schizophrenic outpatients: an intervention outcome report. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985;53:666‐71. - PubMed
Borell 1995 {published data only}
    1. Borell P, Orhagen T, D'Elia G. Feasibility and effects of a patient information program in schizophrenia [Sjukdomsrelaterad information vid schizofreni: klinisk tillämpning och effekter]. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy 1995;24(3‐4):75‐86.
Cao 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cao XM, Zhang SL, Li H, Yue P, Lu P, Xu DJ. Psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia and their family members. Chinese Journal of Nursing 2002; Vol. 37, issue 4:266‐8.
Castrogiovanni 2006 {published data only}
    1. Castrogiovanni S, Simoncini M, Iovieno N, Cecconi D, Dell'Agnello G, Donda P, Quadrigli M, Rossi A, Mauri M. Efficacy of a psychoeducational program for weight loss in patients who have experienced weight gain during treatment with olanzapine. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;16(Suppl 4):S441. - PubMed
Chaplin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chaplin R, Kent A. Informing patients about tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172:78‐81. - PubMed
Chen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chen R, Chen XZ, Zhang QY. Effect of psychoeducation for chronic schizophrenia with diabetes. Sichuan Mental Health 2005; Vol. 18, issue 4:245‐6.
Cormier 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cormier H, Leblanc G, Picher F, Lachance L. A French‐Canadian trial of the symptom and medication modules. Proceedings of the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1997 May 17‐22; San Diego, California, USA. 1997.
    1. Cormier H, Leblanc G, Picher F, Lachance L. Results of a clinical trial of the symptom and medication modules in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1995; Vol. 1, 2:146.
Dang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dang W, Zhang H, Ren Y. Influence of mental health education on quality of life of female patients with chronic schizophrenia. Chinese Nursing Research 2007;21(2A):340‐1.
Degmecic 2007 {published data only}
    1. Degmecic D, Pozgain I, Filakovic P. Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Collegium Antropologicum 2007;31(4):1111‐5. - PubMed
Eckman 1992 {published data only}
    1. Eckman TA, Wirshing WC, Marder SR, Liberman RP, Johnston‐Cronk K, Zimmermann K, Mintz J. Technique for training schizophrenic patients in illness self‐management: a controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992;149(11):1549‐55. - PubMed
Goldman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Goldman CR, Quinn FL. Effects of a patient education program in the treatment of schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1988;39(3):282‐6. - PubMed
Gumley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gumley A, O'Grady M, McNay L, Reilly J, Power K, Norrie J. Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: results of a 12‐month randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychological Medicine 2003;33(3):419‐31. - PubMed
He 2008 {published data only}
    1. He SF, Huang QC, Yin JX. Application of goal attainment theory in the psychoeducation of people with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Diseases 2008; Vol. 14, issue 5:404‐6.
Hogarty 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hogarthy GE, Anderson CM. Medication, family psychoeducation and social skills training: first year relapse results of a controlled study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1986;22:860‐2. - PubMed
    1. Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Javna CD, Madonia MJ, Environmental‐personal indicators in the course of Schizophrenia Research Group. Family psychoeducation, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. I. One‐year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986;43(7):633‐42. - PubMed
    1. Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Ulrich RF, Carter M, Environmental‐personal indicators in the course of Schizophrenia (EPICS) Research Group. Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. II. Two‐year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48(4):340‐7. - PubMed
Hu 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hu RW, Li H, Zhu XG. The effect of insight education on insight recovering and drug therapy compliance in schizophrenia patients. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry 1998;31(3):145‐7.
Hua 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hua T. Effects of psychoeducation for the rehabilitation of people with schizophrenia. Inner Mongolia Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2008, issue 12:68‐9.
Huang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Huang JR, Guo JM, Li SF, Cui HH, Kang SL, Lv SM, Xiao YC. Effect of psychoeducation for the medication compliance and relapse prevention of people with chronic schizophrenia. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2007; Vol. 19, issue 12:1091, 1093.
Kelly 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kelly GR, Scott JE. Medication compliance and health education among outpatients with chronic mental disorders. Medical Care 1990;28(12):1181‐97. - PubMed
Kleinman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kleinman I, Schachter D, Jeffries J, Goldhamer P. Effectiveness of two methods for informing schizophrenic patients about neuroleptic medication. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1993;44:1189‐91. - PubMed
    1. Kleinman I, Schachter D, Jeffries J, Goldhamer P. Informed consent and tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1996;184(9):517‐22. - PubMed
Klingberg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Klingberg S, Buchkremer G. Evidence‐based psychotherapy for schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 2009;8(Suppl 1):SS30.
Kopelowicz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kopelowicz A. Integrating psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice 1997;3(2):79‐98.
    1. Kopelowicz A, Wallace CJ, Zarate R. Teaching psychiatric inpatients to re‐enter the community: a brief method of improving the continuity of care. Psychiatric Services 1998;49(10):1313‐6. - PubMed
    1. Kopelowicz A, Zarate R, Wallace CJ. Successful transition from the hospital to the community. Schizophrenia Research. 1997; Vol. 24:224.
    1. Mackain SJ, Smith TE, Wallace CW, Kopelowicz A. Evaluation of a community re‐entry program. International Review of Psychiatry 1998;10(1):76‐83.
Kuipers 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kuipers J, Bell C, Davidhizar R, Cosgray R, Fawley R. Knowledge and attitudes of chronic mentally ill patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1994;20(3):450‐6. - PubMed
Lester 2004a {published data only}
    1. Lester H, Birchwood M, Tait L, Shanks A. Evaluating the effectiveness of an educational intervention on first episode psychosis in primary care. Schizophrenia Research 2004;70(1):39.
Li 2002 {published data only}
    1. Li L. Psychoeducation for first‐admission inpatient schizophrenia. Chinese Nursing Management Conference 2002;0:169‐70.
Li 2004 {published data only}
    1. Li P. Effect of systematic psychoeducation for people with schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2004;112:11740‐1.
Liu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Liu Q‐L. Effect of health‐education on compliance of schizophrenic patients for taking medicine. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice 2007;13(10):987‐8.
Liu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Liu X, Sun W. Discussion of hospitalization in patients with schizophrenia health education. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2008;20(23):2816‐8.
Liu 2008a {published data only}
    1. Liu Y, Sun Q, Wang H. Effect of mental health in the treatment of schizophrenia on cognition function. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology 2008;16(12):1380‐2.
Liu 2008b {published data only}
    1. Liu Y‐H, Huo X‐P, Su H‐M, Wang C‐M, Li Q‐X. Clinical control study on the effect of health education in improving the social function of schizophrenia patients. Journal of Chinese Modern Nursing 2008;14(12):1347‐50.
Li Zheng 2004 {published data only}
    1. Li Z, David A, Wang Z. The effect of nurse initiated patient/family education strategy on people with schizophrenia in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Nursing 2004;39(7):481‐85.
Lv 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lv JZ. Psychological intervention for schizophrenia patients in remission. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2005; Vol. 17, issue 6:334‐5.
Ma 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ma A, Wang X, Sun Z, Sun T. influence of family intervention on self‐knowledge competence of inpatients with initial onset of schizophrenia. Acta Medicinae Sinica 1998;11(4):393‐4.
Magliano 2006 {published data only}
    1. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Rosa C, Maj M. Patient functioning and family burden in a controlled, real‐world trial of family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 2006;57(12):1784‐91. - PubMed
Mak 1997 {published data only}
    1. Mak KY, Wong MC, Ma LK, Fung SC. A cost‐effectiveness study of a community‐based family management rehabilitation programme for schizophrenic outpatients in Hong Kong: a six‐month report. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry 1997;7(2):26‐35.
McGill 1983 {published data only}
    1. McGill CW, Falloon IR, Boyd JL, Wood‐Siverio C. Family educational intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1983;34(10):934‐8. - PubMed
Mo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mo WJ, Zhu YX, Xu DM, Zhang N, Zhou XK. Effect of psychoeducation on 40 inpatients with schizophrenia. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2007; Vol. 19, issue 12:1092‐3.
Motlova 2003 {published data only}
    1. Motlova L, Dragomirecka E, Spaniel F, Goppoldova E, Zalesky R, Selepova P. Schizophrenia and quality of life: patient reported outcomes on group family psychoeducation. Proceedings of the 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17‐22; San Francisco, California, USA. 2003.
Pei 2008 {published data only}
    1. Pei JY, Liu YP, Chen HB. Effects of psychoeducation for remission stage schizophrenia patients. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2008; Vol. 20, issue 14:1661, 1668, 1681.
Poplawska 2004 {published data only}
    1. Poplawska R, Czernikiewicz A, Szulc A, Galinska B, Konarzewska B, Rudnik‐Szalaj I. The effectiveness of psychoeducation in schizophrenic and depressive patients ‐ preliminary report. Psychiatria Polska 2004;38(3):433‐42. - PubMed
Rotondi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rotondi AJ, Haas GL, Anderson CM, Newhill CE, Spring MB, Ganguli R, Gardner WB, Rosenstock JB. A clinical trial to test the feasibility of a telehealth psychoeducational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their families: intervention and 3‐month findings. Rehabilitation Psychology 2005;50(4):325‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Scocco 2006 {published data only}
    1. Scocco P, Longo R, Caon F. Weight change in treatment with olanzapine and a psychoeducational approach. Eating Behaviors 2006;7(2):115‐24. - PubMed
Shin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Shin S‐K, Lukens EP. Effects of psychoeducation for Korean Americans with chronic mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2002;53(9):1125‐31. - PubMed
Song 2008 {published data only}
    1. Song W‐Y, Yi X, Liu Y. Effects of mental healthy guidance to the recovery of schizophrenic inpatients. Laboratory Medicine and Clinic 2008;5(14):851‐2, 854.
Su 2007 {published data only}
    1. Su KY. Psychoeducation for the rehabilitation of people with schizophrenia. Clinical Nursing 2007; Vol. 13, issue 22:103‐5.
Sun 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sun H, Zhou LF, Sun SX, Yang ZH, Han Y. An investigation into the model of psychoeducation for people with schizophrenia. Journal of Community Medicine 2005; Vol. 3, issue 9:22‐4.
Wang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wang G, Wang Y, Wen X, Hu Q, Sun C, Lu M, Tang G. The effect of cognition insight therapy and family intervention on the compliance of schizophrenia patients during therapy. Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 2004;30(3):208‐10.
Wang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Diao Y, Sun M. Effects of different health education mode on the rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology 2007;15(8):674‐5.
Wang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang J, Niu XM. Psychoeducation for hospitalised patients with schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Misdiagnostics 2008; Vol. 18, issue 2:452‐3.
Wei 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wei Q, Huang GG, Liu SF. Effect of psychological intervention for the psychological health of remission stage schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science 2005; Vol. 14, issue 10:926.
Xiang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Xiang Y‐T, Weng Y‐Z, Li W‐Y, Gao L, Chen G‐L, Xie L, Chang Y‐L, Tang W‐K, Ungvari GS. Efficacy of the community re‐entry module for patients with schizophrenia in Beijing, China: outcome at 2‐year follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007;190(1):49‐56. - PubMed
Xiong 1994 {published data only}
    1. Xiong W, Phillips MR, Hu X, Wang R, Dai Q, Kleinman J, Kleinman A. Family‐based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China. A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;165(2):239‐47. - PubMed
Xiong 2007 {published data only}
    1. Xiong Y, Xiong Q, Shang L, Yang C. Influence of health education to schizophrenia recovery. Journal of Nursing Science 2007; Vol. 22, issue 21:65‐6.
Youssef 1987 {published data only}
    1. Youssef FA. Discharge planning for psychiatric patients: the effects of a family‐patient teaching programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1987;12(5):611‐6. - PubMed
Zhang 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Phillips MR. Randomised‐control trial of family intervention for 78 first episode male schizophrenic patients. An 18‐month study in Suzhou, Jiangsu. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994;165(Suppl 24):96‐102. - PubMed
Zhang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HM, Li RD. Psychoeducation for the social functioning of people with schizophrenia. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal 2005; Vol. 7, issue 8:852‐3.
Zhang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhang H. Effect of psychological intervention for the quality of life of male patients with schizophrenia. Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing 2006;22(11):43‐4.
Zheng 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zheng W LMLT. A study on family health education of schizophrenia patients. Chinese Nursing Research 2008; Vol. 22, issue 6B:1536‐7.
Zhu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhu YL, Zhu Q, Sun XZ, Qin W, Wang F. A controlled study of the effects of family education on patients with schizophrenia in rehabilitation. Health Psychology Journal 2002;10(3):169‐71.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Aho‐Mustonen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aho‐Mustonen K, Tiihonen J, Repo‐Tiihonen E, Ryynanen OP, Miettinen R, Raty H. Group psychoeducation for long‐term offender patients with schizophrenia: An exploratory randomised controlled trial. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health 2011;21(3):163‐76. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bentall 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Bentall R. A multidisciplinary study of the management of neuroleptic medication in schizophrenia: educational and collaborative approaches. Current Controlled Trials (http://www.controlled‐trials.com/) 2001.
Day 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Day J. A multi centre study of the management of neuroleptic medication in schizophrenia. National Research Register 2000.
Fiorillo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fiorillo A, Bassi M, Girolamo G, Catapano F, Romeo F. The impact of a psychoeducational intervention on family members' views about schizophrenia: Results from the oasis italian multi‐centre study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2011;57(6):596‐603. - PubMed
Gassmann 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gassmann W, Christ O, Berger H. The influence of psychoeducative family intervention in schizophrenic patients on perceived quality of life. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S100.
Hegde 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hegde S, Rao SL, Raguram A, Gangadhar BN. Addition of home‐based cognitive retraining to treatment as usual in first episode schizophrenia patients: A randomized controlled study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2012;54(1):15‐22. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN32545295 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN32545295. Efficacy of a psychoeducative intervention program to prevent or reduce the burden associated with caring for a patient with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A two arm, evaluator blind, multicentre, randomized controlled trial. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN32545295/schizo%25+psychosis+psychoses+psychotic+tardiv... 2012.
ISRCTN33576045 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN33576045. Contingency intervention for reduction of cannabis in early psychosis ‐circle. http://www.controlled‐trials.com 2011.
    1. ISRCTN33576045. Randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost‐effectiveness of a contingency management intervention for reduction of cannabis use and of relapse in early psychosis. Circle. http://public.ukcrn.org.uk/ 2012.
Jahn 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jahn T, Pitschel‐Walz G, Gsottschneider A, Frobose T, Kraemer S, Bauml J. Neurocognitive prediction of illness knowledge after psychoeducation in schizophrenia: Results from the munich cogpip study. Psychological Medicine 2011;41(3):533‐44. - PubMed
Medalia 2012 {published data only}
    1. Medalia A, Saperstein A, Choi K, Choi J. The efficacy of a brief psycho‐educational intervention to improve awareness of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2012;199(3):164‐8. - PubMed
Mueser 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mueser KT, Glynn SM, Cather C, Xie H, Zarate R, Smith LF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of family intervention for co‐occurring substance use and severe psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Navidian 2010 {published data only}
    1. Navidian A, Pahlavanzadeh S, Yazdani M. The effectiveness of family training on family caregivers of inpatients with mental disorders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2010;16(2):99‐106.
NCT01547026 {published data only}
    1. NCT01547026. Self‐regulation strategies to improve exercise behavior among schizophrenic patients. http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01547026 2012.
NCT01601587 {published data only}
    1. NCT01601587. Introduction seminar about patient participation and treatment options decisional preferences. http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01601587 2012.
Nischk 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nischk D, Gasser M, Polaine K, Rusch J, Schonauer K, Rockstroh B. Effects of a brief psychoeducative intervention for acute psychotic patients. Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 2011;40(3):1616‐3443.
Nordentoft 1999 b {published data only}
    1. Nordentoft M, Secher G, Bertelsen M, Thorup A, Austin S, Albert N, et al. Opus: Concept and recent findings. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S37‐S8.
    1. Secher RG, Austin SF, Ole Mors NP, Nordentoft M. The opus‐trial: Intensive, early, psycho‐social intervention versus treatment as usual for first‐episode psychosis patients. Results from the 10‐year follow‐up. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S59.
    1. Thorup A. Gender differences in first‐episode psychosis at five‐year followup ‐ results from the danish opus study gender differences have been found. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2010;4(Suppl 1):53.
Rabovsky 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rabovsky K, Trombini M, Allemann D, Stoppe G. Efficacy of bifocal diagnosis‐independent group psychoeducation in severe psychiatric disorders: Results from a randomized controlled trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2012;262(5):431‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ran 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ran M. Community mental health in China : a randomized controlled trial of psychoeducational family intervention for carers of persons with schizophrenia in a rural area in Chengdu. Community mental health in China : a randomized controlled trial of psychoeducational family intervention for carers of persons with schizophrenia in a rural area in Chengdu [thesis]. Hong Kong: Univ. of Hong Kong, 2002.
Rotondi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rotondi A. One year outcomes from webbased multifamily psychoeducational therapy designed for those with severe mental illness. Proceedings of the 164th annual general meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2011 May 14‐18; Honolulu, Hawaii. 2011.
Schlosser 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schlosser DA, Miklowitz DJ, O'Brien MP, Silva SD, Zinberg JL, Cannon TD. A randomized trial of family focused treatment for adolescents and young adults at risk for psychosis: Study rationale, design and methods. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2011;6(3):283‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Schlosser 2012 {published data only}
    1. Schlosser DA, Miklowitz DJ, O'Brien MP, Silva SD, Zinberg JL, Cannon TD. A randomized trial of family focused treatment for adolescents and young adults at risk for psychosis: Study rationale, design and methods. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2012;6(3):283‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Schulze 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schulze B, Schomerus G. Stigma in context: Predictors, help‐seeking and anti‐stigma‐interventions (recent advances in european stigma research ii). Psychiatrische Praxis 2011;38:S12.
Sharif 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sharif F, Shaygan M, Mani A. Effect of a psycho‐educational intervention for family members on caregiver burdens and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in shiraz‐iran. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12(48):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Shaygan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shaygan M, Sharif F. The effect of family psychoeducational intervention on family burden and patients' quality of life in iranian outpatients with schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2011;261:S100.
Silverman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ. Effects of music therapy on psychiatric patients' proactive coping skills: Two pilot studies. Arts in Psychotherapy 2011;38(2):125‐9.
Silverman 2011a {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ. The effect of songwriting on knowledge of coping skills and working alliance in psychiatric patients: A randomized clinical effectiveness study. Journal of Music Therapy 2011;48(1):103‐22. - PubMed
Smeerdijk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Smeerdijk M, Keet R, Dekker N, Raaij B, Krikke M, Koeter M, et al. Motivational interviewing and interaction skills training for parents to change cannabis use in young adults with recentonset schizophrenia. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2010;4(Suppl 1):6.
Valencia 2012 {published data only}
    1. Valencia M, Juarez F, Ortega H. Integrated treatment to achieve functional recovery for first‐episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2012. - PMC - PubMed
Zarafonitis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zarafonitis S, Wagner M, Putzfeld V, Berning J, Janssen B, Decker P, et al. Psychoeducation for persons at risk of psychosis. Psychotherapeut 2012;57(4):326‐34.

References to ongoing studies

Kissling 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kissling W. How can rehospitalisations of patients with schizophrenia be avoided? A comparison between different compliance programs. http://www.controlled‐trials.com 2007. Germany.
    1. Kissling W, Christine R‐K. How can rehospitalisations of patients with schizophrenia be avoided? A comparison between different compliance programs. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov 2007.

Additional references

Altman 1996
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313:1200. - PMC - PubMed
Amador 1994
    1. Amador XF, Endicott J, Flaum MM, Strauss DH. Validity of the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorder: reply. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994;151(12):1843. - PubMed
ANA 1982
    1. American Nurses Association. A statement on psychiatric‐mental health nursing practice and standards of psychiatric‐mental health clinical nursing practice. Washington DC: American Nurses Publishers, 1982.
Antai‐Otong 1989
    1. Antai‐Otong D. Concerns of the hospitalized and community psychiatric client. Nursing Clinics of North America 1989;24:665‐73. - PubMed
APA 1994
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
Ascher‐Svanum 1999
    1. Ascher‐Svanum H. Development and validation of a measure of patients' knowledge about schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1999;50(4):561‐3. [PUBMED: 10211743] - PubMed
Ayuso‐Gutierrez 1997
    1. Ayuso‐Gutierrez JL, Rio Vega JM. Factors influencing relapse in the long‐term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997;28(2‐3):199‐206. [PUBMED: 9468354] - PubMed
Barrowclough 1987
    1. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N, Watts S, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Freeman HL. Assessing the functional value of relatives' knowledge about schizophrenia: a preliminary report. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;151:1‐8. [PUBMED: 3676605] - PubMed
Bland 1997
    1. Bland JM. Statistics notes.Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:610. - PMC - PubMed
Boissel 1999
    1. Boissel JP, Cucherat M, Li W, Chatellier G, Gueyffier F, Buyse M, Boutitie F, Nony P, Haugh M, Mignot G. The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 3. Comparison of the indices and their use. Therapie 1999;54(4):405‐11. - PubMed
Borkin 2000
    1. Borkin JR, Steffen JJ, Ensfield LB, Krzton K, Wishnick H, Wilder K, Yangarber N. Recovery attitudes questionnaire: development and evaluation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2000;24(95):102.
David 1990
    1. David AS. Insight and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;156:798‐808. - PubMed
Deeks 2000
    1. Deeks J. Issues in the selection for meta‐analyses of binary data. Proceedings of the 8th International Cochrane Colloquium; 2000 Oct 25‐28th; Cape Town. Cape Town: Cochrane Collaboration, 2000.
Divine 1992
    1. Divine GW, Brown JT, Frazier LM. The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(6):623‐9. - PubMed
Dixon 2000
    1. Dixon L, Adams C, Lucksted A. Update on family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin 2000;26(1):5‐20. [PUBMED: 10755667] - PubMed
Donner 2002
    1. Donner A, Klar N. Issues in the meta‐analysis of cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:2971‐80. - PubMed
Dunn 1990
    1. Dunn M, O'Driscoll C, Dayson D, Wills W, Leff J. The TAPS project 4: an observational study of the social life of long stay patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;157:842‐8, 852. - PubMed
Dupuy 1984
    1. Dupuy HJ. The Psychological General Well‐Being (PGWB) index. In: Wenger NK, Mattson ME, Furberg CD, Elinson J editor(s). Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Therapies. New York: Le Jacq, 1984:170‐83. - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Elbourne 2002
    1. Elbourne D, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtina F, Worthingtond HV, Vaile A. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140‐9. - PubMed
Endicott 1976
    1. Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The Global Assessment Scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33:766‐71. - PubMed
Epstein 1983
    1. Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 1983;9:171‐80.
Falvo 1994
    1. Falvo DR. Effective patient education. A guide to increased compliance. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publication Inc, 1994.
Feinstein 1989
    1. Feinstein E, Hahlweg K, Muller U. Questionnaire method for prognosis of relapse in psychiatric patients [Fragebogenverfahren zur rückfallprognose bei psychiatrischen patienten]. In: Buchkremer G, Rath N editor(s). Therapeutische Arbeit mit Angehörigen schizophrener Patienten. Messinstrumente, Methoden, Konzepte. Toronto: Hans Huber, 1989:39‐45.
Fortinash 2000
    1. Fortinash KM, Holoday‐Worret PA. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. London: Mosby, 2000.
Furukawa 2006
    1. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta‐analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(1):7‐10. [PUBMED: 16360555] - PubMed
Gregory 1994
    1. Gregory RJ. The zung self‐rating depression scale as a potential screening tool for use with eskimos. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 1994;45(6):573‐5. [PUBMED: 8088737] - PubMed
Gulliford 1999
    1. Gulliford MC. Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community‐based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:876‐83. - PubMed
Guy 1970
    1. Guy W, Bonato RR, editors. Clinical global impressions. Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery 2. Rev. National Institute of Mental Health, 1970.
Heinrichs 1984
    1. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT. The quality of life scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1984;10(3):388‐98. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2008
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration.
Honigfeld 1965
    1. Honigfeld G, Klett CJ. The nurses' observation scale for inpatient evaluation. A new scale for measuring improvement in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1965;21:65‐71. - PubMed
Juni 2001
    1. Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323(7303):42‐6. [PUBMED: 11440947] - PMC - PubMed
Kay 1986
    1. Kay SR, Opler LA, Fiszbein A. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) manual. North Tonawanda (NY): Multi‐Health Systems, 1986.
Klingberg 1999
    1. Klingberg S, Buchkremer G, Holle R, Schulze Monking H, Hornung WP. Differential therapy effects of psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients‐‐results of a 2‐year follow‐up. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1999;249(2):66‐72. [PUBMED: 10369152] - PubMed
Lacro 2002
    1. Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Dolder CR, Leckband SG, Jeste DV. Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: a comprehensive review of recent literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002;63(10):892‐909. [PUBMED: 12416599] - PubMed
Lancet 2010
    1. Anon. Scientific fraud: action needed in China. Lancet 2010;375(9709):94. [PUBMED: 20109871] - PubMed
Leucht 2005a
    1. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel R. Clinical implications of brief psychiatric rating scale scores. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;187:366‐71. [PUBMED: 16199797] - PubMed
Leucht 2005b
    1. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean?. Schizophrenia Research 2005;79(2‐3):231‐8. [PUBMED: 15982856] - PubMed
Li 1994
    1. Li G, Hu X, Jin D, Tian W, Phillips MR. A rating instrument for the evaluation of in‐patient rehabilitation programmes in China. Results of reliability and validity testing. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement 1994;24:58‐65. [PUBMED: 7946233] - PubMed
Linden 1988
    1. Linden M, Nather J, Wilms HU. For definition, meaning and measurement of the concepts of patient ill health. The ill health concept scale (KK‐scale) for schizophrenic patients [Zur definition, bedeutung und messung der krankenheitskonzepte von patienten. Die krankenheitskonzeptskala (KK‐skala) für schizophrene patienten]. Fortschritte Neurologische Psychiatrie 1988;56:35‐43. - PubMed
Macpherson 1996
    1. Macpherson R, Jerrom B, Hughes A. A controlled study of education about drug treatment in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;168:709‐17. - PubMed
Marshall 2000
    1. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams C, Joy C, Fenton M. Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;176:249‐52. - PubMed
McCreadie 1987
    1. McCreadie RG, Affleck JW, McKenzie Y, Robinson AD. A comparison of scales for assessing rehabilitation patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;151:520‐2. [PUBMED: 3447668] - PubMed
McEvoy 1989
    1. McEvoy JP, Apperson LJ, Appelbaum PS, Ortlip P, Brecosky J, Hammill K, Geller JL, Roth L. Insight in schizophrenia. Its relationship to acute psychopathology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1989;177(1):43‐7. [PUBMED: 2562850] - PubMed
Overall 1962
    1. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:799‐812.
Pai 1981
    1. Pai S, Kapur RL. The burden on the family of a psychiatric patient: development of an interview schedule. British Journal of Psychiatry 1981;138:332‐5. [PUBMED: 7272637] - PubMed
Pitschel‐Walz 1997
    1. Pitschel‐Walz G. Die Einbeziehung der Angehörigen in Die Behandlung Schizophrener Patienten und ihr Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf. Dissertation, Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe VI; Psychologie. Vol. 581, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang, 1997.
Ramirez 2008
    1. Ramirez SZ, Lukenbill J. Psychometric properties of the zung self‐rating anxiety scale for adults with intellectual disabilities (SAS‐ID). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 2008;20(6):573‐80.
Rankin 1996
    1. Rankin SH, Stallings KD. Patient education: issues, principles, practices. Philadelphia: Lippincott‐Raven, 1996.
Remington 1979
    1. Remington M, Tyrer P. The social functioning schedule ‐ a brief semi‐structured interview. Social Psychiatry 1979;14:151‐7.
Rosenberg 1965
    1. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self‐image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Ruggeri 1993
    1. Ruggeri M, Dall'Agnola R. The development and use of the Verona expectations for care scale (VECS) and the Verona service satisfaction scale (VSSS) for measuring expectations and satisfaction with community‐based psychiatric services in patients, relatives and professionals. Psychological Medicine 1993;23(2):511‐23. - PubMed
Ruggeri 1994
    1. Ruggeri M, Dall'Agnola R, Agostini C, Bisoffi G. Acceptability, sensitivity and content validity of VECS and VSSS in measuring expectations and satisfaction in psychiatric patients and their relatives. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1994;29:265‐76. - PubMed
Ruggeri 1996
    1. Ruggeri M. Verona Service Satisfaction Scale (VSSS‐54) Manual. Verona: WHO Collaborating Centre, 1996.
Schnieder 1983
    1. Schnieder LC, Struening EI. SLOF: A behavioral rating scale for assessing the mentally ill. Social Work Research and Abstracts 1983;41:9‐21. - PubMed
Schooler 1979
    1. Schooler C, Hogarthy G, Weissman MM. Social adjustment scale II (SAS‐II). In: Hargreaves WA, Attkisson CC, Sorensen JE editor(s). Resource Materials for Community Mental Health Program Evaluations. Second Edition. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1979:290‐330.
Tarrier 1988
    1. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Porceddu K, Watts S, Freeman H. The community management of schizophrenia. A controlled trial of a behavioural intervention with families to reduce relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988;153:532‐42. [PUBMED: 3074860] - PubMed
Taylor 2003
    1. Taylor JE, Poston WS 2nd, Haddock CK, Blackburn GL, Heber D, Heymsfield SB, Foreyt JP. Psychometric characteristics of the general well‐being schedule (GWB) with African‐American women. Quality of Life Research 2003;12(1):31‐9. [PUBMED: 12625516] - PubMed
Tu 1997
    1. Tu LJ, Zhu L, Xu GB. Nursing study of social disability in schizophrenics. Chinese Journal of Nursing 1997;32(8):440‐2. [PUBMED: 9495959] - PubMed
Ukoumunne 1999
    1. Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods for evaluating area‐wide and organisation‐based intervention in health and health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 1999;3(5):1‐75. - PubMed
Wallace 1985
    1. Wallace CJ, Liberman RP. Social skills training for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Research 1985;15:239‐47. - PubMed
Wang 1999
    1. Wang XD. The Handbook of Assessment of Mental Health. Changsha: Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 1999.
Wu 2006
    1. Wu T, Li Y, Liu G, Bian Z, Li J, Zhang J, et al. Investigation of authenticity of 'claimed' randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quality assessment of RCT reports published in China. Proceedings of the 14th Cochrane Colloquium; 2006 October 23‐26; Dublin. 2006.
Xia 2009
    1. Xia J, Adams C, Bhagat N, Bhagat V, Bhoopathi P, El‐Sayeh H, Pinfold V, Takriti Y. Losing participants before trial ends erodes credibility of finding. Psychiatric Bulletin 2009;33(7):254‐57.

References to other published versions of this review

Pekkala 2002
    1. Pekkala ET, Merinder LB. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002831] - DOI - PubMed